植物营养与肥料学报   2017, Vol. 23  Issue (6): 1450-1461 
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中国绿肥科研60年回顾与未来展望
曹卫东1, 包兴国2, 徐昌旭3, 聂军4, 高亚军5, 耿明建6    
1. 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/农业部植物营养与肥料重点实验室,北京 100081;
2. 甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所,兰州 730070;
3. 江西省农业科学院土壤肥料与资源环境研究所,江西南昌 330200;
4. 湖南省土壤肥料研究所,湖南长沙 410125;
5. 西北农林科技大学资源与环境学院,陕西杨凌 712100;
6. 华中农业大学资源与环境学院,湖北武汉 430070
摘要: 本文梳理了建国后我国绿肥生产与科研的发展历程,回顾了各时期的主要工作和成就,提出了绿肥行业未来发展建议。上世纪50年代中后期至今的60年里,我国绿肥生产和研究经历了繁荣、萧条、恢复三大时期。二十世纪50~80年代初的近30年是生产繁荣、科研经验累积时期。科学家对大量历史经验和科学成果进行了总结提升,提出了“以磷增氮”、“磷肥治标,绿肥治本”、“起爆效应”等经验、技术和理论;组建了全国绿肥试验网。绿肥生产于二十世纪70年代达到最高峰,面积最高年份约1300万公顷。二十世纪80年代至本世纪初的20多年里绿肥生产萧条,绿肥面积下降至约200万公顷。绿肥科研方面,全国绿肥试验网组织了全国性协作研究,推动了绿肥学科的系统进步;90年代,着眼提升综合经济效益开展工作,积极寻找绿肥发展途径,为我国的绿肥事业积累了许多经验和资源;研究制订了中国绿肥区划,整理鉴定了一批绿肥资源,选育出一批丰产性能好的绿肥新品种,评选出具有综合效益的绿肥种植利用模式,明确了绿肥提高土壤有机质的效果及其作用条件,出版了一批具有重要价值的绿肥文献。2007年以来,绿肥生产回升,科研快速恢复。国家和部分省份实施了绿肥补贴试点,绿肥科研专项“十一五”、“十二五”期间连续实施,国家绿肥产业技术体系获准建设。通过绿肥科研专项的实施,绿肥种质资源条件进一步完善,绿肥轻简化生产水平大大提升,一批生产新方式、新技术被研发运用,基于绿肥的高产稳产及清洁生产技术体系广泛推广。证明了绿肥在有效促进作物养分供给、保障作物稳产高产、全面改善土壤物理、化学、生物性状以及减少温室气体排放等方面的作用。60年的实践证明,绿肥是农作物生产的重要物质基础,是绿色农业的有效技术支撑。“绿水青山就是金山银山”的发展理念将主导今后农业生产。未来,绿肥科研要围绕种质资源利用与创新、轻简化高效生产、绿色生产模式构建、绿肥供肥与培肥技术及机制、绿肥产业增值增效路径、宏观战略及产业经济等绿肥产业的全链条,研发关键技术,解决生产难题,夯实理论基础,努力形成适应新形势的绿肥生产技术与理论体系。
关键词: 绿肥     科研     回顾     成就     展望    
Reviews and prospects on science and technology of green manure in China
CAO Wei-dong1, BAO Xing-guo2, XU Chang-xu3, NIE Jun4, GAO Ya-jun5, GENG Ming-jian6    
1. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China;
2. Institute of Soil, Fertilizer and Water Saving, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China;
3. Institute of Soil & Fertilizer and Resource & Environment, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China;
4. Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410125, China;
5. College of Resources and Environment, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;
6. College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Abstract: The paper summarized the history of production and scientific research on green manure (GM) in China since 1949, reviewed the main activities and achievements of the past 60 years, proposed the future tasks of GM. Since the middle and late 1950s, the production and scientific research of GM have experienced 3 periods of prosperity, depression, and recovery. The prosperous period lasted for nearly 30 years from the middle and late 1950s to the early 1980s, marking as the prosperous GM production and accumulations of scientific experiences of GM. Scientists summarized massive historical experiences, and concluded some important practices, techniques and theories, such as " Increasing nitrogen by improving phosphorous”, " Phosphorous works only for symptoms while GM plays the interior roles”, " Priming phenomena of GM”. The National Experiment Network of Green Manure (NENGM) was established at the same time. Driven by the huge demand, the production of GM achieved its summit in the 1970s, the planting area was about 1.3×107 hm2 in the most popular year. The second period was from the early 1980s to the beginning of this century, the average annual planting area of GM declined to the bottom of about 2.0×106 hm2, However, the scientific research during this period had got stable financial support, the NENGM carried out nationwide collaborative research and improved the GM subject systematically in the 1980s. In 1990s, the NENGM focused on improving economic benefits of GM, and made great efforts in expanding GM planting area. During this period, regional planning of GM in China was studied and established, GM genetic plasms were sorted out and evaluated, high yielding cultivars were selected or bred, plantation and utilization patterns with potential comprehensive benefits were evaluated and formulated, effects of GM on soil organic matter as well as conditions were clarified, and a number of historic literatures on GM were published. The third period was from the year of 2007 till now, both the production and research of GM were recovered rapidly. National and some provincial policies of subsidies were implemented for GM plantation, special scientific projects of GM were funded successively from 2008 to 2015, moreover, the China Green Manure Research System for GM got approval in 2016. By the efforts of the special scientific projects, the basis of GM germplasms was improved, lightened and simplified production was enhanced greatly, some new patterns and techniques were developed and applied, systems of GM-based high and stable yield as well as clean production were extended widely. Meanwhile, by the collaborative innovation research, GM was proved to be able to promote the ability of high and stable yield when combined with chemical fertilizers, enhance nutrient supply for crops, improve soil physical, chemical, biological properties, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Practices of 60 years showed that GM was the important material basis for crop production and was an effective technical support for green agriculture. The develop concept of " Beautiful scenery is gold and silver mine” would guide the agricultural production in future. From now on, the GM scientific research should center around the GM industry chains, i.e., utilization and innovation of germplasms, simplified and effective GM production, construction of green production patterns based on GM, nutrient supplying and soil fertilizing technology by GM and the relative regulation mechanisms, ways for improving values and benefits of GM, macro strategies and industrial economics for GM production, etc., and then develop fundamental technologies, solve production problems, solid theory basis, and finally formulate technical and theoretical systems suitable for new agriculture situation.
Key words: green manure     scientific research     review     achievement     prospect    

中国农业生产方式正在发生深刻变革,绿色发展将是未来农业生产的主基调。我国耕地质量较差、面源污染较重、产品质量较低等问题突出,这些问题与绿色发展背道而驰,必须加以变革,以形成同环境资源承载能力相匹配、生产生活生态相协调的农业发展格局,实现农业可持续发展。

绿肥是培养地力的重要物质基础[1],发展绿肥是多、快、好、省地解决养地用地和有机肥源的良好途径[2]。在生态环境十分良好的二十世纪八十年代,我国科学家就提出“我国在建设现代化农业的过程中,必须从建立一个良好的农业生态系统作为考虑问题的起点,发展绿肥是建立良好农业生态系统的一项重要环节。”[2]。绿肥不仅是清洁的有机肥源,而且能有效提高土壤肥力、改善土壤环境质量、防止水土流失、改善生态环境。可以说,绿肥是我国传统农业的精华,是生态农业的重要组成部分[3]

虽然绿肥的作用被普遍认同,但我国的绿肥发展却经历了不同的历史起伏阶段,绿肥科研也相应地经历了大幅波动。新形势下,绿肥迎来发展机遇,本文梳理了建国后我国绿肥生产与科研的发展历程,提出了绿肥行业未来发展方向,以期为今后的绿肥科研生产提供借鉴和参考。

1 我国绿肥生产与科研的60年历史

新中国的绿肥科研起步于上世纪50年代中后期,在约60年历程中我国绿肥生产和研究经历了繁荣、萧条、恢复三个历史时期。二十世纪50~80年代初是绿肥生产面积较大、利用较为普遍的时期;20世纪90年代到本世纪初,化肥成为主导肥源,绿肥应用迅速滑至谷底;2007年后,绿肥重新进入国家和全社会视野,其生产科研逐渐恢复。

1.1 生产繁荣、科研经验累积时期

这一时期大约经历了近30年,绿肥作为当家肥源,为保障我国粮食安全起到了重要作用。在这段时期里,绿肥科研工作的阶段性特征也十分明显,五十年代是绿肥科研和生产发展的起步阶段,主要是解决绿肥纳入种植制;六十年代是绿肥迅速发展的阶段,主要是突破栽培技术难关;七十年代是绿肥发展的高峰阶段,绿肥种植面积发展很快,是我国绿肥种植的鼎盛时期[4]

陈华癸于1955年系统总结了水稻田的绿肥耕作制,并对绿肥科研提出了建设性意见[6],顾荣申提出了各地较为适宜的绿肥种类[7]。为了应对全国绿肥生产需要,农业部于1963年组建了全国绿肥试验网[11](以下称绿肥网)。在绿肥网的组织下,各地加快绿肥模式与经验总结,并组织了全国肥料科学实验工作会议,指出华东[12]、华北[13]、东北和西北[14]、中南和西南[15]均具备大力发展绿肥的条件。绿肥在水田[8]、棉田[9]、盐碱地[10]等各类农田中得到广泛应用。“磷肥治标,绿肥治本”[16]的改良中低产稻田的策略提出后,绿肥的运用迅速扩展,并在上世纪70年代达到顶峰。在国家粮食安全对肥源需求大、化学肥料工业尚不发达的背景下,全国绿肥生产取得了史上最大的发展,绿肥面积最高时达到约1300万公顷[45],全国涌现了一批绿肥面积超66.7万公顷的省份[5]

总体来说,早期的绿肥科研工作主要集中在经验和效果总结上,总结提出了以磷增氮[17]、以田养田、以山养田、以水养田等各类绿肥管理实践。从科研的角度看,60年代到70年代中期,属于科研工作的初始阶段,主要工作是配合农业领导部门总结推广各省发展绿肥的经验,推动绿肥的发展[11]。此时期,较深入的科学研究也有少量报道,如绿肥压青后土壤中还原性物质的动态变化[18]、绿肥防治水稻坐秋的研究[19]等,其中,朱祖祥总结论述的绿肥起爆效应机制[2021]对现代绿肥科研工作的进步起到了重要推动作用。

1.2 生产萧条、科研先活跃后停滞时期

二十世纪80年代至本世纪初的20多年里,我国化肥工业迅速崛起,农作物养分供应几乎完全依赖化肥;农业承包责任制全面实施,绿肥生产的空间多被粮棉油及其他经济作物取代;加之绿肥没有明显的直接经济效益,导致绿肥生产几乎完全被忽略,全国绿肥生产跌入低谷,绿肥面积下降至200万公顷[3, 22]

与绿肥生产不同,此时期的绿肥科研则相对系统,并且取得了较好的成效。绿肥网于1977年恢复活动,1981年获得专项经费支持,绿肥科研进入了有组织的阶段,全国绿肥科研队伍和任务设置得到了基本稳定和保障,绿肥科研进入了第一个黄金十年。绿肥网分成六个协作区,开展活动和交流经验,先后组织了中国绿肥区划、中国绿肥品种资源收集整理和编目、不同农区绿肥种植利用方式和效益、经济林园覆盖绿肥种植和利用、绿肥对土壤有机质积累的影响及其有效条件等协作项目,取得了良好的进展,鉴定了我国不同农区绿肥种植利用和效益、果园覆盖绿肥的种植和利用等高水平科技成果[11]。这十年是绿肥发展的深化阶段,在不利的绿肥生产形势下,绿肥网努力开辟绿肥种植和利用的新途径,对促进绿肥科研和生产起到了积极的推动作用。

进入二十世纪90年代后,全国绿肥形势依然相当严峻,绿肥网积极适应社会经济需求,主要目标为提高绿肥综合经济效益,开展了绿肥纳入农作制度提高经济效益研究和技术开发、绿肥在高效施肥体系中的地位及配套技术、农区绿肥饲草种植利用最佳模式及经济效益、多用途经济型绿肥品种资源筛选和开发等协作研究。通过近10年的协作研究,进一步明确了各地绿肥的适宜发展方式和提升效益途径[23],开发了饲用[24]等多种新途径,获得了一大批具有兼用或多用功能的绿肥资源,如富钾绿肥的提出和深化[2526]、耐盐性能的挖掘[27]、多用途绿肥葫芦巴[28]、耐荫及饲用药用资源扁茎黄芪[29],并积极提出发展经济绿肥的对策[30]。这些工作虽然没有得到进一步的深入应用,但为后来的绿肥科研提供了重要借鉴和参考,是全国绿肥行业的重要遗产。

1.3 生产回升、科研快速恢复时期

长期大量化学品投入,导致了资源环境压力加大、面源污染严重等问题。杨纪珂于1996年指出,如果不慎,由祖辈劳动人民辛勤保存的土壤质量,很容易在我们这几代人的手里悄悄地丧失掉,并发出了“营佳壤务农之本,种绿肥生态之根。岁岁年年存地力,年年岁岁庆丰登。”的呼吁[31]

进入二十一世纪后,我国农业农村的一些问题更加凸显,生产与生态不协调、经济与环境效益不统一、经济发展与农产品质量不匹配等矛盾普遍存在,国家以及全社会对环境健康、农产品健康空前关注。不仅如此,国家财力也得到明显改善,绿肥获得了恢复性发展机遇。2006年开始,国家启动了土壤有机质提升补贴试点,绿肥是补贴方向之一,同时带动江西、浙江、江苏、福建、湖南、贵州等省也出台了绿肥种植补贴政策,全国补贴绿肥种植面积超过66.7 万公顷[22],推动了绿肥生产的迅速回升。

随后,绿肥科研在2008年获得重大资助,“绿肥作物生产与利用技术集成研究及示范”项目 (以下称绿肥专项) 开始实施。由于生产科研长期停滞,绿肥行业存在绿肥作物种质资源退化甚至消失、适应现代农业生产的合理利用模式缺乏、生产利用技术集成不够、绿肥作物与主作物间的水肥调控技术不明等一系列问题,绿肥专项重点从种质资源的整理与创新、生产利用技术及方式的创新研究、不同生态区及不同种植制度中的生产利用技术集成等方面开展了全国联合协作研究,同时积极探索绿肥产业化和强化绿肥产学研队伍建设。“十二五”期间,该项目继续滚动实施了五年。两期绿肥专项的实施,在资源整理、技术进步、机制解析、试验示范、人才培养等方面取得了明显成效,夯实了绿肥科研基础。

不仅如此,国家也在不断探索科研改革,以农作物为主线的产业技术体系取得显著成效并得到社会认可。经过10年酝酿,绿肥于2016年成为产业技术体系建设内容,2017年绿肥产业技术体系队伍组建完成。绿肥体系涵盖了种质资源、病虫害防控、绿肥栽培与土壤及养分管理、绿肥机械、综合加工利用和产业经济全链条。体系的设立将稳定支撑一支高水平的研发队伍,为今后的绿肥发展搭建了一个高层次的平台。

2 我国绿肥科研60年的主要成就

纵观绿肥科研的60年历史,其活跃期主要体现在两个阶段或者说两个十年,一个是绿肥网获得经费支持后的前十年;另一个是从绿肥专项开始实施后的十年。

2.1 绿肥网的主要成就

绿肥网主要贡献:总结历史经验,摸清绿肥家底,确立区域模式,奠定未来基础。陈礼智等对此阶段的成果进行了全面梳理总结,主要包括:

1) 研究制订了中国绿肥区划 把我国绿肥种植划分为9个区47个亚区,提出了绿肥在各区适宜种植方式、发展面积等,为各地调整作物布局、制定绿肥生产计划和绿肥种子生产、调拨等提供了依据[5, 11]

2) 整理鉴定了一批绿肥资源,选育出一批丰产性能好的绿肥新品种 收集常用绿肥作物916份,整理鉴定归并为4科20属26种共617份,筛选出70多个综合性状好、适宜在不同地区应用的绿肥作物[11, 32]。各地选育了适宜本地生产的绿肥主栽品种[11],代表性的有紫云英 (湘肥3号、浙紫5号、闽紫l-6号)[33],苕子 (内蒙毛苕1号、云南光叶苕)、箭筈豌豆 (6625、苏箭3号、大荚箭筈豌豆、333A[34]等)。此外,开展了细绿萍的引进和推广以及红萍有性繁殖技术研发等工作,使得细绿萍成为当时主要生产用绿肥种类,并推广到云南[35]等地;培育出红萍实生苗并在生产上推广应用[36],标志着我国红萍研究进入世界前列。这些资源和品种,是后来绿肥恢复发展的物质基础。

3) 筛选出一批具有综合效益的绿肥种植利用模式 主要有复种指数高的集约农区发展经济绿肥,小麦–玉米二熟制地区采用行间套种绿肥或豆类,西南冬闲旱地发展节粮型绿肥饲草生产,北方一熟制玉米间套种草木樨、促进粮草双高产和畜牧业发展,北方一熟制麦田复种豆科肥饲绿肥,半干旱瘠薄地实行粮肥 (草) 短期轮作[11, 37],以及通过在桑园[38]、桔园[39]、落叶果园[40]等经济林园的协作研究提出的经济林园覆盖绿肥模式[41]。此外,研究了提高绿肥效益的途径和技术,评价了绿肥作饲草、根茬肥田的效果并取得了绿肥饲料喂畜的有效参数[23],同时还研发了紫云英青贮等绿肥饲草长期利用技术[42]、紫云英一次播种多年繁殖技术[43],构建了“垄、畦栽稻萍鱼”系统[4445]

4) 明确了绿肥提高土壤有机质的效果及其作用条件 在华东[46]、华北[47]、西北[48]、东北[49]等地的17个省 (自治区)22类土壤上通过定位试验研究表明,每年平均压入绿肥22.5~30 t/hm2,五年后土壤有机质平均比不压绿肥的提高0.1%~0.2%,绿肥有机物积累率为10%~15%,且可改善有机质的品质[50]。混播、适当推迟翻压 (以提高C/N值及鲜草产量) 和连年增加新鲜有机物等都是提高绿肥积累土壤有机质的有效措施[50],同时弄清了土类、物料、土壤肥力、水分和温度、翻压量及翻压方式与绿肥有机质累积的关系[51]

5) 编辑出版了一批具有重要历史意义的绿肥专著 相继出版了《绿肥栽培与利用》[52]、《中国绿肥》[53]、《中国满江红》[54]、《中国紫云英》[55]等著作。其中《中国绿肥》一书,系统总结了中国长期利用绿肥的经验和科学研究成果,既有丰富的实践应用技术知识,又涵盖了大量的科学基础知识,是一部在我国土壤肥料发展史上文献价值极高的绿肥著作。

2.2 绿肥专项的主要成就

绿肥专项主要成就体现在:继承发扬并举,突破轻简制约,创新方式方法,丰富科学内涵。绿肥专项以人才队伍建设和与新时期相适应的创新研究为抓手,取得了一批重要进展。

1) 进一步丰富了绿肥种质资源 建立了绿肥种质资源描述规范和数据标准[56],挖掘抢救了一批绿肥品种资源,多渠道搜集、引进国内外资源,在库资源已达3000多份。在不同区域开展了主要资源的资源性状评价工作,初步建立了绿肥作物种质资源性状数据库、主要性状的图像信息数据库。加强新品种培育与应用,认定了紫云英、毛叶苕子、山黧豆、肥田萝卜等25个绿肥新品种。

2) 突破了一批绿肥轻简化生产共性关键技术 着重研发了一批绿肥专用播种、翻压、种子收获、开沟管理等轻简化装置装备以及绿肥专用肥及根瘤菌剂、基于绿肥的主作物配套生产条件等关键技术及产品,在大多数绿肥生产地区可实现绿肥机械化播种及开沟、翻压、收种的绿肥全程机械化生产;在南方稻田,通过水稻机械化收割留高茬大幅延长绿肥播种期、保障绿肥安全越冬,进一步保证了绿肥种植利用的高效、轻简,为以高留茬和绿肥碳氮互济为核心的稻田培肥技术应用,解决南方稻田冬闲田多、秸秆环境问题奠定了技术基础。

3) 研发提出了一批绿肥生产新方式、新技术 在南方稻区,晚稻留高茬后紫云英迟播土壤生物碳氮调控技术[57],解决了传统紫云英播种劳动强度大、效率低的问题,同时,早期能够保障和促进紫云英出苗、保苗和生长,后期紫云英覆盖稻草能加速稻草腐解。在京津地区,形成了冬绿肥—玉米/棉花等种植模式[5863],研发了春玉米全程套播二月兰等核心技术,实现了二月兰播种的轻简化和高效率,可以为华北地区冬春季节大面积绿色覆盖提供技术途径,填补了压减冬小麦产生的巨大空间。在西北实施的玉米/油葵前期间作豆科绿肥作物技术[6465],可充分利用玉米或油葵前期的生长特点及栽培要求,在玉米或油葵前期间作豆科绿肥作物,既可保证玉米或油葵产量,又可增收一茬豆类,综合效益十分显著。

4) 组装集成了基于绿肥的节肥高产稳产技术体系 在初步形成各地绿肥生产利用技术规程[66]的基础上,发布了30多项绿肥生产利用技术规程,构建了以保障作物高产稳产能力的绿肥生产利用体系和基于绿肥的主作物清洁生产养分管理等为核心的技术体系,分别在稻区、华北、西北、西南得到持续优化应用并取得重大社会经济效益。通过5~8年的定位试验,完善了各地种植利用绿肥后的化肥替代技术,进一步明确了在不同种植制度下纳入绿肥作物生产后主栽作物的稳产高产条件。多年多点联合定位监测表明,绿肥配合化肥能实现作物高产 (表1)、节肥 (表2) 及稳产[67]等。种植绿肥并翻压时,稻区较冬闲田减施化肥20%~40%[6869],西北、西南、华北较秋闲田或者冬闲田减施化肥15%~30%[6465, 70],主作物产量不低于当地常规施肥并稳中有升。

表1 多年种植利用绿肥配施化肥的产量效果 Table 1 Multi-years’ effects of combinations of green manures and chemical fertilizers on crop yields
表2 湖南和江西省基于绿肥的水稻减施化肥多年产量效应 Table 2 Cumulative effects of reduced chemical nutrient inputs on rice yield based on green manure cooperation in Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces

5) 深入剖析了绿肥在现代农业生产中的贡献及作用机制 长期种植利用绿肥与化肥配合能大幅提升作物产量 (图1)[71],绿肥能为主作物创造良好的土壤养分[7173]、生物[69, 7478]、物理[7981]环境,同时绿肥纳入种植制度有利于土壤氮库[59, 8283]及碳库[62, 7980, 82, 8486]的培育,表明种植翻压绿肥是作物高产稳产的重要物质基础和技术保障。明确了绿肥能减少温室气体排放[8788]以及氨排放[89]。揭示了绿肥高产高效作用的部分关键机制,其中,绿肥可有效促进作物养分吸收利用[60, 9096],明确了绿肥养分对作物养分的供应能力[97]及黄土高原夏闲绿肥[83]、华北冬绿肥在养分平衡中的贡献[63],初步阐明了稻田紫云英影响土壤氮素转化的分子机制,绿肥可能有助于铵供给能力的微生物生长[98],解析了农田绿肥输入对土壤可溶性有机质 (DOM) 含量和结构[99101]以及铁还原[102]的影响。

图1 30年种植翻压绿肥下的早稻产量[71] Fig. 1 Yield of early rice affected by manure cooperation of green manure for 30 years

6) 探索了绿肥产业化路径 促进了绿肥种业发展,推动了紫云英菜用及作为养蜂蜜源、二月兰菜薹等综合利用,探索了西北、西南等区域绿肥饲草加工新途径,开展了南方稻区利用绿肥发展绿色有机稻米的技术研发和应用。绿肥是清洁肥料,可作为有机水稻的良好肥源,并且可以达到耕地用养结合目的。定位研究表明,在紫云英–单季稻制度下,翻压紫云英75 t/hm2,稻谷产量与单施化肥的产量水平相近或略高;单季有机稻米翻压紫云英的阈值及适宜用量分别为90 t/hm2、60 t/hm2,基于紫云英唯一肥源的有机稻米生产适宜的年限为4年[95]

3 我国绿肥科研的未来展望

我国区域性、结构性、季节性闲置耕地多,这些耕地适合发展绿肥生产。据估算,全国绿肥发展空间约4600万公顷[3, 22],包括南方冬闲稻田、西南冬闲旱地、西北冬闲及夏秋闲地等,同时,近些年来华北地区冬小麦退出增多、果园面积迅速扩大,也为发展绿肥提供了空间。当前的绿肥发展潜力面积远大于二十世纪的约1900万公顷[103],可以有更大的作为。

“绿水青山就是金山银山”的发展理念将主导今后农业生产。今后较长的时期内,种植业结构调整、农业面源污染削减、农田生态改善、耕地用养结合、农产品提质增效等是我国农业的主要战略性任务,绿肥在这些任务里具有独特、有效的作用。绿肥科研要顺势而为、乘势而上,紧紧围绕绿肥产业的全链条,研发突破关键技术,解决重大生产问题,提升理论研究水平,努力形成适应新形势的绿肥生产技术与理论体系。

概括起来,今后的绿肥科研工作主要包括以下6个方面:

1) 种质资源利用与创新 绿肥种质基因库构建与资源共享,种质资源鉴定、评价、功能挖掘及机制解析,高效养分截获、多功能、抗逆、适产等品种定向选育及其高产高效栽培体系构建。

2) 轻简化高效生产 高效根瘤菌剂等专用产品,绿肥高效养分截获提升路径,不同经营规模下的轻简化生产装备。

3) 绿色生产模式构建 粮肥复种模式/制度,林下肥饲养立体模式,绿肥–主作物资源竞争机制及化肥减施等调控技术,绿肥与主作物一体化病虫害防控与基于绿肥的病虫害阻断技术。

4) 绿肥供肥与培肥技术及机制 绿肥–土壤–作物养分循环特征与调控机制,土壤生物、化学、物理性状对绿肥的响应及调控手段;绿肥效应的指标体系构建及预测模型。

5) 绿肥增值增效 基于绿肥的清洁农产品产业化技术路径,绿肥综合利用、开发与价值提升,绿肥功能性成分发掘与利用。

6) 宏观战略及产业经济 国家、用户层面的绿肥生产驱动因子;绿肥产业经济、生态经济分析与预测模型;绿肥服务网络与政策体系。

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