中国医科大学学报  2018, Vol. 47 Issue (2): 128-131

文章信息

李蕙伊, 刘畅, 赵洋子, 曾仁庆, 甘淼, 王涛, 于诗源, 崇巍
LI Huiyi, LIU Chang, ZHAO Yangzi, ZENG Renqing, GAN Miao, WANG Tao, YU Shiyuan, CHONG Wei
急诊科成人创伤患者院内死亡危险因素分析
Analysis of the Risk Factors of In-hospital Death in Adult Trauma Patients at the Emergency Department
中国医科大学学报, 2018, 47(2): 128-131
Journal of China Medical University, 2018, 47(2): 128-131

文章历史

收稿日期:2017-08-18
网络出版时间:2018-01-08 10:54
急诊科成人创伤患者院内死亡危险因素分析
李蕙伊1 , 刘畅1 , 赵洋子1 , 曾仁庆1 , 甘淼1 , 王涛2 , 于诗源3 , 崇巍1     
1. 中国医科大学附属第一医院急诊科, 沈阳 110001;
2. 中国医科大学附属盛京医院急诊科, 沈阳 110004;
3. 中山大学医学院附属肿瘤医院神经外科, 广州 510080
摘要目的 探讨急诊科成人创伤患者的院内死亡危险因素。方法 分析2016年8月至2017年2月中国医科大学附属第一医院急诊科86例成人创伤患者的临床资料,根据在院期间是否死亡,分为存活组和死亡组。记录2组患者性别、年龄、就诊时心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)、平均动脉压(MAP);首次外周血白细胞计数(WBC)、血清肌酐(Cr)、血清尿素氮(BUN)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、血红蛋白(Hb)、外周血血小板计数(PLT)、血清白蛋白(ALB)、纤维蛋白原水平(Fg)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和总胆红素(TBil);计算格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、序贯器官衰竭(SOFA评分)、损伤严重程度评分(ISS)。采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计学分析,按P < 0.1筛选出2组差异显著的指标,将其纳入logistic回归,得出院内死亡的独立危险因素,绘制这些因素与院内死亡关系的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算ROC曲线下面积,评估其对院内死亡的预测效能。结果 logistic回归得出GCS(β=-0.957,OR=0.384,P=0.012)、SOFA评分(β=0.966,OR=2.627,P < 0.001)为患者院内死亡的独立危险因素。GCS和SOFA评分的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.989和0.982。结论 SOFA评分和GCS均为急诊创伤患者院内死亡的独立危险因素,提示创伤患者来诊时的脏器功能状态(尤其是脑功能状态)与预后关系密切。
关键词急诊科    创伤    预后    格拉斯哥昏迷评分    序贯器官衰竭评分    
Analysis of the Risk Factors of In-hospital Death in Adult Trauma Patients at the Emergency Department
1. Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China;
2. Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China;
3. Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510080, China
Abstract: Objective To accurately assess the condition of trauma patients at the emergency department (ED), the risk factors of in-hospital death were explored.Methods A total of 86 emergency trauma patients were retrospectively investigated. They were divided into survival and non-survival groups, in the First Hospital of China Medical University, from August 2016 to February 2017. Clinical parameters, such as sex, age, heart rate, oxygen saturation, mean arterial pressure, white blood cell count, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, hemoglobin, platelet count, serum albumin, fibrinogen, glutamic-pyruvic, total bilirubin, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, and injury severity score were evaluated and recorded. The parameters which were significantly different (P < 0.1) between the two groups were analyzed using the logistic regression analysis to determine the independent risk factors of death at the ED. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were drawn to evaluate their prognostic abilities.Results GCS and SOFA score were the independent risk factors of in-hospital death in trauma patients (P < 0.05).Conclusion Organ function, especially that of the brain, is closely related to the prognosis of adult trauma patients.

创伤是40岁以下人群的首要死亡原因[1]。识别影响急诊科成人创伤患者死亡的危险因素,有助于提高创伤患者的救治质量。目前,损伤严重程度评分(injury severity score,ISS)被认为是描述创伤严重程度的“金标准” [2]。ISS从解剖学方面评估人体创伤情况,与创伤严重度有较好的相关性,国内外被广泛应用[3-4]。其不足之处是没有考虑系统和脏器的功能状态[5]。序贯器官衰竭(sequential organ failure assessment,SOFA)评分[6]是对6个主要脏器或系统功能进行评估。许多临床研究[7]发现,早期创伤患者的死亡与SOFA评分有关。格拉斯哥昏迷评分(Glasgow coma scale,GCS)根据睁眼、语言和运动3个方面的功能进行评分,是评价脑外伤患者预后的重要评分,对院前或院内创伤患者预后的评估很有价值[8]。本研究以急诊科成人创伤患者为对象,对患者解剖损伤与脏器功能的临床资料进行分析,探讨急诊科成人创伤患者院内死亡的危险因素。

1 材料与方法 1.1 一般资料

选取2016年8月至2017年2月中国医科大学附属第一医院急诊科就诊的86例创伤患者为研究对象,其中,男58例,女28例,年龄19~92岁。参考国内外研究[6, 9],纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)受伤到来院时间≤24 h,且伤后未进行过手术。排除标准:(1)临床资料不全;(2)放弃治疗或抢救。纳入患者中,交通事故伤56例(65.1%),摔伤11例(12.8%),高空坠落伤9例(10.5%),刀刺伤3例(3.5%),钝器伤3例(3.5%),爆震伤2例(2.3%),掩埋挤压伤2例(2.3%)。

1.2 研究指标及分组

记录患者的年龄、性别、来诊时生命体征、SpO2、GCS、ISS、SOFA评分、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、外周血白细胞计数(white blood cell,WBC)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBil)、血清白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、血清尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、血清肌酐(creatinine,Cr)、凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,Fg)等指标。根据在院期间是否死亡分为存活组和死亡组,存活组74例,死亡组12例。

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计学分析。正态分布的计量资料以x± s表示,组间比较采用t检验;非正态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位数间距)表示,组间比较采用非参数秩和检验;计数资料的组间比较采用χ2检验;按P < 0.1,筛选出2组差异显著的指标,将其纳入logistic回归,得出院内死亡的独立危险因素,绘制这些因素与院内死亡关系的受试者工作曲线(receiver operating characteristic,ROC),评估其对院内死亡的预测效能。

2 结果 2.1 创伤患者死亡相关因素的单因素分析

结果显示,SOFA评分、ISS、HR、WBC、Cr、BUN、PT和APTT显著高于存活组(P < 0.1);GCS、MAP、SpO2、PLT、Hb、ALB和Fg显著低于存活组(P < 0.1);2组性别、年龄、ALT、TBil均无统计学差异(P > 0.1),见表 1

表 1 生存组和死亡组单因素分析 Tab.1 Univariate analysis between survival group and non-survival group
Factor Survival group (n = 72) Non-survival group (n = 14) P
 Age (year) 49.04±17.13 53.07±19.27 0.432
 Gender [n (%) ]      
  Male 45 (62.5) 13 (92.9) 0.188
  Female 27 (37.5) 1 (7.1)  
MAP (mmHg) 97.9±17.46 88.4±18.76 0.070
SpO2 (%) 98 (96-99) 95 (93-99) 0.056
HR (beat/min) 83.5 (76.00-100.00) 114.5 (85.75-140.75) 0.025
GCS 15 (15-15) 3 (3-7) < 0.001
SOFA 0 (0.00-2.00) 8.5 (6.00-9.25) < 0.001
ISS 10.5 (4.00-19.00) 16.5 (12.75-25.00) 0.079
BUN (mmol/L) 5.61 (4.65-7.25) 6.55 (5.95-7.43) 0.038
PLT (×109) 207.7±69.48 165.42±69.48 0.041
ALT (U/L) 37.5 (23.5-76.0) 49.5 (31.0-60.7) 0.183
Hb (g/L) 127.65±23.23 104.57±34.73 0.019
WBC (×109) 10.91 (8.50-14.52) 14.56 (10.47-19.74) 0.088
TBil (μmol/L) 13.5 (11.00-18.45) 13.25 (8.88-18.18) 0.734
Cr (μmol/L) 59.5 (53.0-71.0) 93.5 (63.5-134.5) 0.005
ALB (g/L) 38.2 (33.45-41.30) 26.85 (13.90-41.15) 0.007
PT (s) 14 (13.5-15.1) 17.4 (14.9-24.2) 0.001
APTT (s) 34.55 (32.63-56.40) 46.85 (33.35-56.40) < 0.001
 Fg (g/L) 2.96 (2.35-4.21) 1.58 (0.88-2.47) 0.001
The measurement data with Gaussian distribution were described with mean±standared deviation, and those with abnormal distribution were described with median (quartile range).

2.2 创伤患者死亡危险因素logistic回归分析

筛选出2组差异显著的指标,将其纳入logistic回归。将性别、年龄、MAP、SpO2、HR、ISS、BUN、PLT、Hb、WBC、Cr、ALB、PT、APTT、Fg和GCS纳入logistic回归,得出GCS(β=-0.957,OR=0.384,P = 0.012)为患者院内死亡的独立危险因素;将性别、年龄、HR、ISS、BUN、Hb、WBC、ALB、PT、APTT、Fg和SOFA评分纳入logistic回归,得出SOFA评分(β=0.966,OR = 2.627,P < 0.001)为患者院内死亡的独立危险因素,见表 23。GCS和SOFA评分的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.989和0.982,2者对院内死亡的预测效能好,见图 1

表 2 GCS与其他危险因素logistic分析 Tab.2 Logistic regression multivariate analysis of the risk factors of death
Factor β OR P
Gender -8.469 < 0.001 0.999
Age 0.052 1.053 0.259
GCS -0.957 0.384 0.012

表 3 SOFA与其他危险因素logistic分析 Tab.3 Logistic regression multivariate analysis of the risk factors of death
Factor β OR P
Gender -51.714 < 0.001 0.993
Age -0.062 0.940 0.221
SOFA 0.966 2.627 < 0.001

图 1 急诊科院内死亡独立危险因素的ROC曲线 Fig.1 ROC of the independent risk factors of in-hospital death at the emergency department

3 讨论

本研究发现,GCS和SOFA评分是急诊科成人创伤患者院内死亡的独立危险因素,提示创伤患者就诊时的脏器功能状态(尤其是脑功能状态)与预后关系密切。GCS能很好地预测相关脑创伤结局(是否急诊机械通气、脑外科手术、脑损伤程度、死亡)[10]。GCS评分越低,伤情越重,病死率越高。GCS评分对创伤患者治疗和分级有价值[11]。YOUSEFZADEHCHABOK等[12]分析了588例创伤儿童,发现GCS与儿童创伤评分(pediatric trauma score,PTS)和ISS比较,能更好预测创伤儿童的死亡。过去脑外伤和出血仍然是导致创伤患者死亡的主要原因[13]。近年来OYENIYI等[14]研究发现,由于出血的问题得到了有效控制,脑外伤成为创伤患者死亡的主要原因。

SOFA评分 > 3分一般认为是严重器官功能衰竭[15]。SOFA评分对预测院内脓毒症死亡率有很高价值[16]。SOFA评分也可以通过对创伤患者脏器功能衰竭的描述来评估其死亡风险[17-18]。近期JAWA等[19]研究发现快速SOFA评分(包括GCS、收缩压、呼吸频率)也是急诊钝性伤患者死亡的独立危险因素,快速SOFA评分越高,不良结局事件发生率越高。临床研究[7]发现早期创伤患者的死亡与SOFA评分有关。本研究结果显示,SOFA评分对急诊科创伤患者的死亡同样具有预测价值,提示创伤患者来诊时脏器和系统的功能状态对预后有重要的影响,与以往的研究结果一致。

ISS是将全身分为6个区域:头颈部、面部、胸部、腹部或盆腔脏器、四肢或骨盆、体表。在3个损伤最严重的ISS身体区域中,各选出1个最高AIS分值,将它们分别平方,然后将3个平方值相加即为ISS [20]。≥16分认为严重创伤[3]。在本研究中ISS对创伤患者预后效果一般。CHAWDA等[5]研究指出,仅仅通过解剖描述不足以预测创伤患者的结局。因此,大多数观点认为对创伤的描述应该包括解剖学和生理学两个方面,而SOFA评分和GCS是对创伤患者生理情况的描述,能更好反映预后。

综上所述,SOFA评分和GCS均为急诊创伤患者院内死亡的独立危险因素,提示创伤患者来诊时的脏器功能状态(尤其是脑功能状态)与其预后关系密切。因此对于创伤患者,生理指标的评估对其院内死亡预测的价值可能更大。本研究属于回顾性研究,样本量较小。今后将扩大样本量进行前瞻性研究,有望建立急诊科兼顾解剖损伤和生理功能且可靠的评估成人创伤患者病情严重程度的评分系统。

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