页岩气是一种重要的非常规能源,受北美页岩气革命的影响,中国也加入到了页岩气的勘探与开发热潮中[1-2]。页岩气具有低孔低渗的特点,水平井钻井技术和体积压裂改造是页岩气成功开发的两大关键技术[3]岩石的力学特性是影响井壁稳定,造成井眼垮塌、漏失的重要因素[4]在水力压裂过程中,不同空间位置的岩石力学特性展布会影响裂缝的形成与扩展,例如,在胶结程度较弱的层理面往往先于页岩本体开裂,使得水力裂缝在延伸过程中沿层理面优先扩展,从而抑制缝网的形成,降低水力压裂效率[5]因此,研究岩石的力学特性对油气勘探开发有着重要的意义。
相比横向各向同性(VTI)介质,在地下岩层中正交各向异性(ORT)介质是更为广泛的存在,尤其在沉积盆地中是最普通的情况之一。目前与沉积岩,如页岩相关的岩石力学研究中,主流观点是将地层岩石视为宏观同性介质[6-8]。海、河水的方向性流动使得岩石颗粒的定向排列,水平最大最小主应力的差异造成两个方向上的裂缝、孔隙具有不同程度的挤压或新裂缝的产生,以及钻井过程中钻遇背(向)斜地层等是造成地层表现出正交各向异性的主要因素[9-10]。忽视地层的正交各向异性,利用VTI模型获取的泊松比、杨氏模量等岩石力学参数计算地应力,并用于进一步的井壁稳定分析和压裂施工指导等,有时会导致错误的结果。
与VTI介质不同,ORT介质研究相对较少。Hudson给出裂隙介质的本构关系[11],希望通过研究地震波在裂缝介质中的响应特征预测储层目标区域的裂缝方位、填充物等微观裂缝参数。Crampin通过将定向排列的充满液体的垂直裂隙加入到周期性薄层的横向各向同性介质中,研究了正交各向异性的横波偏振特征[12]Bush在巴黎盆地获取的资料中观察到了横波分裂现象,使人们认识到沉积盆地中广泛存在着正交各向异性[13]Tsvankin将VTI介质的Thomsen参数推广到了ORT介质,便于研究裂缝引起的各向异性[14]Sehoenberg和Helbig从垂直裂缝介质的弹性方程出发,模拟了ORT介质中3个正交对称面上纵横波的波速面[15]Bakulin等对裂缝诱导的正交各向异性进行了研究,利用地震波反射数据估计裂缝参数[16]Cheng改进了Hudson的一阶扰动模型,在Eshelby的基础上建立了Eshelby-Cheng模型[17]刘恩儒和曾新吾将多种裂缝模型总结为3类,推导了3种模型对应的柔度解析表达式,给出统一的解析形式[18]Franquet和Rodriguez利用测井资料,基于刚度矩阵参数,建立了正交各向异性地层的地应力计算方法[19]Alkhalifah利用在声学介质假设下导出的色散关系,获得了正交介质的声波方程[20]马妮等利用地震资料根据水平应力差异比计算了正交各向异性地层的地应力[21]物理模型实验方面,Chaedle等最先对正交各向异性样品进行了速度测试,测得了3个主轴和6个45°对角方向上的纵横波速度[22]李跃等用铝板和有机玻璃板构成一个薄互层等效各向异性模型,讨论了薄层厚度对各向异性的影响[23]魏建新通过实验观测了正交各向异性介质的声波特征[10-24]。李军等利用现场实钻岩芯进行了岩石力学性质正交各向异性实验,并建立了正交各向异性地层井壁围岩应力模型[25-26]。水平井钻井和体积压裂是目前页岩气勘探开发的主要方式,井筒与地层的夹角(井斜角和方位角)随井眼轨迹的变化而变化。而以上研究成果都是基于岩石本构坐标系而得到的,没有考虑岩石力学特性随观测坐标系的变化,得到的结果不便于水平井钻井和压裂增产改造的直接应用。对于VTI介质,由于观测坐标系的不同,造成的岩石力学特性差异已有一些相关研究[27-28],而ORT介质则无相应报道。
针对上述问题,考虑实际页岩地层中的各向异性特点,从岩石本构方程出发,推导出ORT介质岩石力学参数的弹性表达式。然后考虑井眼观测坐标系与岩石本构坐标系的不同交角,根据岩石的力学参数定义,建立了观测坐标系下ORT介质的岩石力学参数计算方法,并进行了分析。最后,考虑页岩与砂岩的互相沉积成岩,研究了不同砂岩含量下页岩-砂岩互层在观测坐标系下的岩石力学特性。
1 岩石本构方程的各向异性表征对于一个一般各向异性的线性弹性固体,应力σ与应变ε之间存在如下线性关系[29]
$ \mathit{\boldsymbol{\sigma }} = \mathit{\boldsymbol{C\varepsilon }} $ | (1) |
式中:
σ-应力张量,GPa;
ε-应变张量,无因次;
C-岩石刚度矩阵,GPa。
由于对称性,C最多具有21个独立常数。反过来,应变也可以表示为应力的线性组合
$ \mathit{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon }} = \mathit{\boldsymbol{S\sigma }} $ | (2) |
式中:S-岩石的柔度矩阵,GPa-1。
柔度矩阵S和刚度矩阵C互为逆矩阵。对于如图 1所示的正交各向异性岩石,其具有
在正交各向异性条件下,刚度矩阵C0和柔度矩阵S0可以分别表示如下
$ {{\boldsymbol{C}}}_0 = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{C_{11}}}&{{C_{12}}}&{{C_{13}}}&0&0&0\\ {{C_{12}}}&{{C_{22}}}&{{C_{23}}}&0&0&0\\ {{C_{13}}}&{{C_{23}}}&{{C_{33}}}&0&0&0\\ 0&0&0&{{C_{44}}}&0&0\\ 0&0&0&0&{{C_{55}}}&0\\ 0&0&0&0&0&{{C_{66}}} \end{array}} \right] $ | (3) |
式中:
C0-正交各向异性条件下岩石刚度矩阵,GPa
$ \boldsymbol{S}_{0} = \left[ \begin{array}{l} \frac{1}{{{E_1}}}\quad \frac{{ - {\mu _{21}}}}{{{E_2}}}\frac{{ - {\mu _{31}}}}{{{E_3}}}\quad 0\quad \; 0\quad \; 0\\ \frac{{ - {\mu _{12}}}}{{{E_1}}}\;\;\frac{1}{{{E_2}}}\;\;\frac{{ - {\mu _{32}}}}{{{E_3}}}\quad 0\quad 0\quad \;0\\ \frac{{ - {\mu _{13}}}}{{{E_1}}}\;\frac{{ - {\mu _{23}}}}{{{E_2}}}\;\;\;\frac{1}{{{E_3}}}\quad 0\quad 0\quad \;0\\ 0\qquad 0\qquad 0\quad \frac{1}{{{G_{23}}}}\quad 0\quad 0\\ 0\qquad 0\;\;\;\;\;\;\;0\;\;\;\;\;0\;\;\;\frac{1}{{{G_{13}}}}\;\;0\\ 0\qquad 0\;\;\;\;\;\;\;0\;\;\;\;\;0\;\;\;\;0\;\;\frac{1}{{{G_{12}}}} \end{array} \right] $ | (4) |
式中:
S0-正交各向异性条件下岩石柔度矩阵,GPa-1;
利用Sonic Scanner[30]测井平台能够获取包括:
用超声波波速测试确定这9个参数需要测量6个方向的纵波波速和3个方向的横波波速[22, 31],分别包括:(1)沿
图 2为纵横波波速测量示意图,图中长虚线单向箭头表示波的传播方向,短虚线双向箭头表示波的振动方向。结合岩石的密度
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {C_{11}} = \rho v_{{\rm{p}} - x}^{\rm{2}}\\ {C_{22}} = \rho v_{{\rm{p}} - y}^{\rm{2}}\\ {C_{33}} = \rho v_{{\rm{p}} - z}^{\rm{2}} \end{array} \right. $ | (5) |
式中:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {C_{44}} = \rho v_{{\rm{sv}} - x}^{\rm{2}}\\ {C_{55}} = \rho v_{{\rm{sv}} - y}^{\rm{2}}\\ {C_{66}} = \rho v_{{\rm{sh}}}^{\rm{2}} \end{array} \right. $ | (6) |
式中:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {C_{12}} = \sqrt {{{\left( {2\rho v_{{{\rm{p}} - xy}{{45°}}}^2 - {C_{66}} - \dfrac{{{C_{22}}}}{2} - \dfrac{{{C_{11}}}}{2}} \right)}^2} - \dfrac{{{{\left( {{C_{22}} - {C_{11}}} \right)}^2}}}{4}} - {C_{66}}\\ {C_{13}} = \sqrt {{{\left( {2\rho v_{{{\rm{p}} - zx}{{45°}}}^2 - {C_{55}} - \dfrac{{{C_{11}}}}{2} - \dfrac{{{C_{33}}}}{2}} \right)}^2} - \dfrac{{{{\left( {{C_{11}} - {C_{33}}} \right)}^2}}}{4}} - {C_{55}}\\ {C_{23}} = \sqrt {{{\left( {2\rho v_{{{\rm{p}} - yz}{{45°}}}^2 - {C_{44}} - \dfrac{{{C_{22}}}}{2} - \dfrac{{{C_{33}}}}{2}} \right)}^2} - \dfrac{{{{\left( {{C_{22}} - {C_{33}}} \right)}^2}}}{4}} - {C_{44}} \end{array} \right. $ | (7) |
式中:
如果采用三轴室内岩石力学实验确定这些参数,则需要测量沿上述6个方向取芯岩样的应力应变曲线就能完全确定岩石中的各向异性[32]
2 岩石力学参数的弹性表征由上述可知,由室内实验或现场数据可以得到相应的弹性刚度系数,而要获取对应的岩石力学参数(泊松比、杨氏模量),则需要建立弹性刚度参数与岩石力学参数的关系。将式(3)取逆,并结合式(4),可以推出岩石力学参数关于岩石刚度系数的表达式,包括3个杨氏模量和6个泊松比。3个杨氏模量的表达式为
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {E_1} = \Delta /(C_{23}^2 - {C_{22}}{C_{33}})\\ {E_2} = \Delta /(C_{13}^2 - {C_{11}}{C_{33}})\\ {E_3} = \Delta /(C_{12}^2 - {C_{11}}{C_{22}}) \end{array} \right. $ | (8) |
其中:
$ \Delta = {C_{33}}C_{12}^2 + {C_{22}}C_{13}^2 + {C_{11}}C_{23}^2 - \\ \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;{C_{11}}{C_{22}}{C_{33}} - 2{C_{12}}{C_{13}}{C_{23}} $ |
3个方向6个泊松比为
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {\mu _{12}} = \left( {{C_{13}}{C_{23}}{\rm{ }} - {\rm{ }}{C_{12}}{C_{33}}} \right)/(C_{23}^2 - {C_{22}}{C_{33}})\\ {\mu _{13}} = \left( {{C_{12}}{C_{23}}{\rm{ }} - {\rm{ }}{C_{13}}{C_{22}}} \right)/(C_{23}^2 - {C_{22}}{C_{33}})\\ {\mu _{21}} = \left( {{C_{13}}{C_{23}}{\rm{ }} - {\rm{ }}{C_{12}}{C_{33}}} \right)/(C_{13}^2 - {C_{11}}{C_{33}})\\ {\mu _{23}} = \left( {{C_{12}}{C_{13}}{\rm{ }} - {\rm{ }}{C_{11}}{C_{23}}} \right)/(C_{13}^2 - {C_{11}}{C_{33}})\\ {\mu _{31}} = \left( {{C_{12}}{C_{23}}{\rm{ }} - {\rm{ }}{C_{13}}{C_{22}}} \right)/(C_{12}^2 - {C_{11}}{C_{22}})\\ {\mu _{32}} = \left( {{C_{12}}{C_{13}}{\rm{ }} - {\rm{ }}{C_{11}}{C_{23}}} \right)/(C_{12}^2 - {C_{11}}{C_{22}}) \end{array} \right. $ | (9) |
杨氏模量和泊松比的关系满足
由式(9)可知
当获得了9个独立的弹性刚度参数
对于VTI介质,弹性刚度参数满足
则式(8)、式(9)退化为
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {E_{\rm{v}}}{\rm{ = }}{C_{33}} - 2\dfrac{{{C_{13}}^2}}{{{C_{11}} + {C_{12}}}}\\ {E_{\rm{h}}}{\rm{ = }}\dfrac{{\left( {{C_{11}}{\rm{ - }}{C_{12}}} \right)\left( {{C_{11}}{C_{33}} - 2{C_{13}}^2 + {C_{12}}{C_{33}}} \right)}}{{{C_{11}}{C_{33}} - {C_{13}}^2}}\\ {\mu _{\rm{v}}}{\rm{ = }}\dfrac{{{C_{13}}}}{{{C_{11}} + {C_{12}}}}\\ {\mu _{\rm{h}}}{\rm{ = }}\dfrac{{{C_{12}}{C_{33}} - C_{13}^2}}{{{C_{11}}{C_{33}} - {C_{13}}^2}} \end{array} \right. $ | (10) |
式中:
在钻井过程中,井眼的方位角和井斜角随时都在变化,这导致了观测坐标系和岩石本构坐标系不一致。尽管室内实验可以获取任意对应方位角和井斜角条件下的岩石力学参数,但岩芯的获取较为困难,测试费用高,并且钻取的角度有限。因此,如何利用测量到的岩石本构坐标系下弹性刚度矩阵,去计算任意观测坐标系下的岩石力学参数,具有很强现实意义。本文利用Bond变换,首先,将岩石本构坐标系下的弹性刚度矩阵转换到观测坐标系,然后,根据岩石力学参数的定义,计算任意方位井斜角条件下的岩石力学参数,具体流程如下。
假定地层岩石的本构坐标系为
岩石本构坐标系(
$ {a_{ij}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\cos \beta \cos \alpha }&{\cos \beta \sin \alpha }&{ - \sin\beta }\\ { - \sin\alpha }&{\cos \alpha }&0\\ {\sin \beta \cos \alpha }&{\sin \beta \sin \alpha }&{\cos \beta } \end{array}} \right] $ | (11) |
式中:
假设
$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {\sigma = \mathit{\boldsymbol{M}}{\sigma _0}}\\ {\varepsilon = \mathit{\boldsymbol{N}}{\varepsilon _0}} \end{array}} \right. $ | (12) |
式中:M,N-过渡矩阵。
过渡矩阵M、N满足N-1=M,M矩阵可由
$ {\boldsymbol{M}} = \\ \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {a_{11}^2}&{a_{12}^2}&{a_{13}^2}&{2{a_{12}}{a_{13}}}&{2{a_{11}}{a_{13}}}&{2{a_{11}}{a_{12}}}\\ {a_{21}^2}&{a_{22}^2}&{a_{23}^2}&{2{a_{22}}{a_{23}}}&{2{a_{21}}{a_{13}}}&{2{a_{21}}{a_{22}}}\\ {a_{31}^2}&{a_{32}^2}&{a_{33}^2}&{2{a_{32}}{a_{33}}}&{2{a_{31}}{a_{33}}}&{2{a_{31}}{a_{32}}}\\ {{a_{21}}{a_{31}}}&{{a_{22}}{a_{32}}}&{{a_{23}}{a_{33}}}&{{a_{22}}{a_{33}} + {a_{32}}{a_{23}}}&{{a_{21}}{a_{33}} + {a_{31}}{a_{23}}}&{{a_{21}}{a_{32}} + {a_{31}}{a_{22}}}\\ {{a_{11}}{a_{31}}}&{{a_{12}}{a_{32}}}&{{a_{13}}{a_{33}}}&{{a_{12}}{a_{33}} + {a_{32}}{a_{13}}}&{{a_{11}}{a_{33}} + {a_{31}}{a_{13}}}&{{a_{11}}{a_{32}} + {a_{31}}{a_{12}}}\\ {{a_{11}}{a_{21}}}&{{a_{12}}{a_{22}}}&{{a_{13}}{a_{23}}}&{{a_{12}}{a_{23}} + {a_{22}}{a_{13}}}&{{a_{11}}{a_{23}} + {a_{21}}{a_{13}}}&{{a_{11}}{a_{22}} + {a_{21}}{a_{12}}} \end{array}} \right] $ | (13) |
将式(11)代入到上述表达式,可得
$ {\boldsymbol{M}} = \\ \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{\left( {\cos \alpha \cos \beta } \right)}^2}}&{{{\left( {\sin \alpha \cos \beta } \right)}^2}}&{{{\left( {\sin \beta } \right)}^2}}&{ - \sin \alpha \sin 2\beta }&{ - \cos \alpha \sin 2\beta }&{\sin 2\alpha {{\left( {\cos \beta } \right)}^2}}\\ {{{\left( {\sin \alpha } \right)}^2}}&{{{\left( {\cos \alpha } \right)}^2}}&0&0&0&{ - \sin 2\alpha }\\ {{{\left( {\cos \alpha \sin \beta } \right)}^2}}&{{{\left( {\sin \alpha \sin \beta } \right)}^2}}&{{{\left( {\cos \beta } \right)}^2}}&{\sin \alpha \sin 2\beta }&{\cos \alpha \sin 2\beta }&{\sin 2\alpha {{\left( {\sin \beta } \right)}^2}}\\ { - 0.5\sin 2\alpha \sin \beta }&{0.5\sin 2\alpha \sin \beta }&0&{\cos \alpha \cos \beta }&{ - \sin \alpha \cos \beta }&{\cos 2\alpha \sin \beta }\\ {0.5{{\left( {\cos \alpha } \right)}^2}\sin 2\beta }&{0.5{{\left( {\sin \alpha } \right)}^2}\sin 2\beta }&{ - 0.5\sin 2\beta }&{\sin \alpha \cos 2\beta }&{\cos \alpha \cos 2\beta }&{0.5\sin 2\alpha \sin 2\beta }\\ { - 0.5\sin 2\alpha \cos \beta }&{0.5\sin 2\alpha \cos \beta }&0&{ - \cos\alpha \sin \beta }&{\sin \alpha \sin \beta }&{\cos 2\alpha \cos \beta } \end{array}} \right] $ | (14) |
观测坐标系及本构坐标系下的刚度矩阵C和C0,柔度矩阵S和S0分别满足以下关系
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \mathit{\boldsymbol{C}} = \mathit{\boldsymbol{M}} \cdot {\mathit{\boldsymbol{C}}_0} \cdot {\mathit{\boldsymbol{M}}^{\rm{T}}}\\ \mathit{\boldsymbol{S}} = \mathit{\boldsymbol{N}} \cdot {\mathit{\boldsymbol{S}}_0} \cdot {\mathit{\boldsymbol{N}}^{\rm{T}}} \end{array} \right. $ | (15) |
式中:
MT-矩阵M的转置矩阵,无因次;
NT-矩阵N的转置矩阵,无因次。
根据式(1)、式(2),可以得到观测坐标系下应力和应变的关系式
$ \sigma = {\boldsymbol{M}} \cdot {{\boldsymbol{C}}_0} \cdot {{\boldsymbol{M}}^{\rm T}} \cdot \varepsilon $ | (16) |
$ \varepsilon = {\boldsymbol{N}} \cdot {{\boldsymbol{S}}_0} \cdot {{\boldsymbol{N}}^{\rm T}} \cdot \sigma $ | (17) |
通过变换,能够求得任意方位角和井斜角条件下的柔度矩阵S。利用式(17),根据杨氏模量和泊松比的定义,即可计算任意方位角度下的杨氏模量和泊松比。
以观测坐标系下
$ \sigma = {\left[ {0, 0, {\rm{ }}{\sigma _z}, 0, 0, 0} \right]^{\rm T}} $ | (18) |
式中:
将式(18)代入式(17),可以得到观测坐标系下与应力
$ \varepsilon = {\left[ {{\varepsilon _{xx}}, {\rm{ }}{\varepsilon _{{yy}}}, {\rm{ }}{\varepsilon _{{zz}}}, 0, 0, 0} \right]^{\rm T}} $ | (19) |
式中:
则根据定义,可以求取该方向的杨氏模量和泊松比
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {E_3} = \frac{{{\sigma _z}}}{{{\varepsilon _{zz}}}}\\ {\mu _{13}} = - \frac{{{\varepsilon _{xx}}}}{{{\varepsilon _{zz}}}}\\ {\mu _{23}} = - \frac{{{\varepsilon _{yy}}}}{{{\varepsilon _{zz}}}} \end{array} \right. $ | (20) |
若式(17)中的S0用C0表示,则式(20)中解出的杨氏模量和泊松比只与C0、方位角
在本构坐标系下,本文测量了页岩的刚度系数:
方位角和井斜角对岩石力学参数的影响均是关于
图 4a为不同观测坐标系下沿
图 5a为不同观测坐标系下沿
图 6a为不同观测坐标系下沿
图 7为不同坐标系下沿
图 8为不同观测坐标系下沿
不同观测坐标系下沿
沉积岩在成岩过程中,通常都是两种或两种以上的岩石互相沉积而成。以页岩为例,浅色的粉砂岩和暗色的泥页岩互层(如图 1所示),韵律交替发育是造成页岩成层分布的主要原因[36, 37]。不同的岩性具有不同的弹性力学性质,研究砂-页岩互层组成的岩石的弹性性质,及其对应的岩石力学特性,为钻井和压裂提供基础数据和指导依据,具有重要的现实意义和工程意义。VTI介质的层状岩石的等效弹性性质可以由Backus理论进行模拟[38],对于ORT介质,则可以用Gerrard提出的模型来分析多层正交各向异性岩石的弹性性质[39]假定岩石是由页岩和砂岩两种岩体互相沉积而成,两种岩体的体积分别为
该模型需要满足两点假设:(1)与任何单个层的厚度相比,层系统的规模较大;(2)层的厚度和材料特性相对于它们在系统内的各自位置而随机变化。模型的具体表达式如下[39, 40]
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {\mu _{12}} = \dfrac{\zeta }{a};\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {} \end{array}{\mu _{13}} = \chi - \dfrac{{\lambda \zeta }}{a};\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {} \end{array}{\mu _{23}} = \lambda - \dfrac{{\chi \zeta }}{b}\\ {E_1} = \dfrac{{ab - {\zeta ^2}}}{a}\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} ; \end{array}{E_2} = \dfrac{{ab - {\zeta ^2}}}{b}\\ \dfrac{1}{{{E_3}}} = \sum\limits_i {\dfrac{{{v_i}}}{{{E_{3i}}}} + \sum\limits_i {\left( {\dfrac{{{\mu _{13}}}}{{{E_1}}} - \dfrac{{{\mu _{13i}}}}{{{E_{1i}}}}} \right){\chi _i} + \sum\limits_i {\left( {\dfrac{{{\mu _{23}}}}{{{E_2}}} - \dfrac{{{\mu _{23i}}}}{{{E_{2i}}}}} \right){\lambda _i}} } } \\ {G_{12}} = \sum\limits_i {{v_i}{G_{12i}}} ;\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {} \end{array}\dfrac{1}{{{G_{13}}}} = \sum\limits_i {\dfrac{{{v_i}}}{{{G_{13i}}}}} ;\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {} \end{array}\dfrac{1}{{{G_{23}}}} = \sum\limits_i {\dfrac{{{v_i}}}{{{G_{23i}}}}} \end{array} \right. $ | (21) |
其中:
$ \begin{array}{l} a = \sum\limits_i {\frac{{{v_i}{E_{2i}}}}{{1 - {\mu _{12i}}{\mu _{21i}}}}} ;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;b = \sum\limits_i {\frac{{{v_i}{E_{1i}}}}{{1 - {\mu _{12i}}{\mu _{21i}}}}} \\ \zeta = \sum\limits_i {\frac{{{v_i}{E_{2i}}{\mu _{12i}}}}{{1 - {\mu _{12i}}{\mu _{21i}}}}} = \sum\limits_i {\frac{{{v_i}{E_{1i}}{\mu _{21i}}}}{{1 - {\mu _{12i}}{\mu _{21i}}}}} \\ {\chi _i} = \frac{{{v_i}\left( {{\mu _{13i}} + {\mu _{12i}}{\mu _{23i}}} \right)}}{{1 - {\mu _{12i}}{\mu _{21i}}}}\;;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;{\lambda _i} = \frac{{{v_i}\left( {{\mu _{23i}} + {\mu _{13i}}{\mu _{21i}}} \right)}}{{1 - {\mu _{12i}}{\mu _{21i}}}}\\ \chi = \sum\limits_i {{\chi _i}} {\rm{;}}\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\lambda = \sum\limits_i {{\lambda _i}} \end{array} $ |
假定砂岩的刚度系数为
图 10为杨氏模量随砂岩体积含量的变化关系,随着砂岩体积含量的增加,杨氏模量呈现增加的趋势,其中,
图 11为泊松比随砂岩体积含量的变化关系,与杨氏模量不同,泊松比随砂岩体积含量的变化关系更为复杂。
为研究不同砂岩含量条件下页岩和砂岩互层的岩石力学参数在观测坐标系下的变化特征,取砂岩体积
图 12为不同观测坐标系下杨氏模量
图 13为不同观测坐标系下杨氏模量
图 14为不同观测坐标系下杨氏模量
图 15为在不同砂岩体积含量条件下泊松比
图 16为在不同砂岩体积含量条件下泊松比
图 17为泊松比
(1) 页岩的杨氏模量随方位角和井斜角的变化趋势复杂,3个杨氏模量
(2) 页岩的泊松比随方位角和井斜角的变化并无明显的对应关系,但同一方向的泊松比随方位角和井斜角的变化具有大致相似的变化趋势。在观测坐标系下,所有泊松比的最小值均小于本构坐标系下的最小值0.222,除了
(3) 在本构坐标系下,随砂岩和页岩互层砂岩体积含量的增加,杨氏模量增加,泊松比
(4) 相同井斜角和方位角条件下,砂岩和页岩互层杨氏模量随砂岩含量的增加而有所增加,而泊松比则变化不一。岩石力学参数的曲面形态除了在某些方位角和井斜角有所变化外,基本保持一致。砂岩体积含量越高,则岩石力学参数曲面变化越趋于平缓。
[1] |
董大忠, 邹才能, 杨桦, 等. 中国页岩气勘探开发进展与发展前景[J]. 石油学报, 2012, 33(增1): 107-114. DONG Dazhong, ZOU Caineng, YANG Hua, et al. Progress and prospects of shale gas exploration and development in China[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2012, 33(S1): 107-114. doi: 10.7623/syxb2012S1013 |
[2] |
王红岩, 刘玉章, 董大忠, 等. 中国南方海相页岩气高效开发的科学问题[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2013, 40(5): 574-579. WANG Hongyan, LIU Yuzhang, DONG Dazhong, et al. Scientific issues on effective development of marine shale gas in southern China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(5): 574-579. doi: 10.11698/PED.-2013.05.09 |
[3] |
DONG Dazhong, GAO Shikui, HUANG Jinliang, et al. Discussion on the exploration & development prospect of shale gas in the Sichuan Basin[J]. Natural Gas Industry B, 2015, 2(1): 9-23. doi: 10.1016/j.ngib.2015.02.002 |
[4] |
邹才能, 董大忠, 王社教, 等. 中国页岩气形成机理、地质特征及资源潜力[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2010, 37(6): 641-653. ZOU Caineng, DONG Dazhong, WANG Shejiao, et al. Geological characteristics, formation mechanism and resource potential of shale gas in China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2010, 37(6): 641-653. |
[5] |
衡帅, 杨春和, 郭印同, 等. 层理对页岩水力裂缝扩展的影响研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2015, 34(2): 228-237. HENG Shuai, YANG Chunhe, GUO Yintong, et al. Influence of bedding planes on hydraulic fracture propagation in shale formations[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2015, 34(2): 228-237. doi: 10.13722/j.cnki.-jrme.2015.02.002 |
[6] |
时贤, 程远方, 蒋恕, 等. 页岩微观结构及岩石力学特征实验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2014, 33(增2): 3439-3445. SHI Xian, CHENG Yuanfang, JIANG Shu, et al. Experimental study on shale microstructure and rock mechanics characteristics[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2014, 33(S2): 3439-3445. doi: 10.13722/j.-cnki.jrme.2014.s2.007 |
[7] |
贾长贵, 陈军海, 郭印同, 等. 层状页岩力学特性及其破坏模式研究[J]. 岩土力学, 2013(增2): 57-61. JIA Changgui, CHEN Junhai, GUO Yintong, et al. Research on mechanical behaviors and failure modes of layer shale[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2013(S2): 57-61. doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2013.s2.006 |
[8] |
李庆辉, 陈勉, 金衍, 等. 含气页岩破坏模式及力学特性的试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2012, 31(增2): 3763-3771. LI Qinghui, CHEN Mian, JIN Yan, et al. Experimental research on failure modes and mechanical behaviors of gasbearing shale[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2012, 31(S2): 3763-3771. |
[9] |
李军.复杂地应力对套管损坏的影响与套损实时监测试验研究[D].北京: 中国石油大学(北京), 2005. LI Jun. Study on influence of complex in-situ stress on casing damage and the related real-time monitoring simulation Experiment[D]. Beijing: China University of Petroleum, 2005. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=degree&id=Y873095 |
[10] |
魏建新, 狄帮让, 王椿镛. 岩石正交各向异性的实验观测[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2008, 23(2): 343-350. WEI Jianxin, DI Bangrang, WANG Chunyong. The experimental observation of the rock orthorhombic anisotropy[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2008, 23(2): 343-350. |
[11] |
HUDSON A J. Overall properties of a cracked solid[J]. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1980, 88(2): 371-384. doi: 10.1017/-s0305004100057674 |
[12] |
CRAMPIN S. Nonparallel shear-wave polarizations in sedimentary basins[J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, 1988(1): 1130-1132. |
[13] |
傅旦丹, 何樵登. 正交各向异性介质地震弹性波场的伪谱法正演模拟[J]. 石油物探, 2001, 40(3): 8-14. FU Dandan, HE Qiaodeng. Elastic wavefield forward modeling with pseudo-spectral method in orthorhombic anisotropy media[J]. GPP, 2001, 40(3): 8-14. doi: 10.-3969/j.issn.1000-1441.2001.03.002 |
[14] |
TSVANKIN I. Anisotropic parameters and P-wave velocity for orthorhombic media[J]. Geophysics, 1997, 62(4): 1292-1309. doi: 10.1190/1.1444231 |
[15] |
SCHOENBERG M, HELBIG K. Orthorhombic media:Modeling elastic wave behavior in a vertically fractured earth[J]. Geophysics, 1997, 62(6): 3475-3484. doi: 10.-1190/1.1444297 |
[16] |
BAKULIN A, GRECHKA V, TSVANKIN I. Estimation of fracture parameters from reflection seismic data Part Ⅱ:Fractured models with orthorhombic symmetry[J]. Geophysics, 2000, 65(6): 1818-1830. doi: 10.1190/1.-1444864 |
[17] |
CHENG C H. Crack models for a transversely anisotropic medium[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 1993, 98(B1): 675-684. doi: 10.1029/92JB02118 |
[18] |
刘恩儒, 曾新吾. 裂缝介质的有效弹性常数[J]. 石油地球物理勘探, 2001, 36(1): 37-44. LIU Enru, ZENG Xinwu. The effective elastic constants of fracture media[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 2001, 36(1): 37-44. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-7210.2001.01.006 |
[19] |
FRANQUET J A, RODRIGUEZ E F. Orthotropic horizontal stress characterization from logging and core derived acoustic anisotropies[C]. 46th U S Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, 24-27 June, Chicago, Illinois, 2012.
|
[20] |
ALKHALIFAH T. An acoustic wave equation for orthorhombic anisotropy[J]. Geophysics, 2003, 68(4): 1169-1172. doi: 10.1190/1.1598109 |
[21] |
马妮, 印兴耀, 孙成禹, 等. 基于正交各向异性介质理论的地应力地震预测方法[J]. 地球物理学报, 2017, 60(12): 4766-4775. MA Ni, YIN Xingyao, SUN Chengyu, et al. The insitu stress seismic prediction method based on theory of orthorhombic anisotropic media[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2017, 60(12): 4766-4775. doi: 10.-6038/cjg20171218 |
[22] |
CHEADLE S P, BROWN R J, LAWTON D C. Orthorhombic anisotropy:A physical seismic modeling study[J]. Geophysics, 1991, 56(10): 1603-1613. doi: 10.-1190/1.1442971 |
[23] |
李跃, 徐果明, 施行觉, 等. 薄互层等效各向异性的实验研究[J]. 石油地球物理勘探, 1995, 30(4): 513-517. LI Yue, XU Guoming, SHI Xingjue, et al. Experimental in equivalent anisotropy of thin interbed medium[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 1995, 30(4): 513-517. doi: 10.-13810/j.issn.1000-7210.1995.04.016 |
[24] |
魏建新, 赵群. 各向异性介质中横波特征的实验研究[J]. 石油地球物理勘探, 1997, 32(4): 503-511. WEI Jianxin, ZHAO Qun. Experimental researches on shear wave characteristics in anisotropic medium[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 1997, 32(4): 503-511. doi: 10.-13810/j.issn.1000-7210.1997.04.006 |
[25] |
李军, 陈勉, 柳贡慧. 岩石力学性质正交各向异性实验研究[J]. 西南石油学院学报, 2006, 28(5): 50-52. LI Jun, CHEN Mian, LIU Gonghui. Experimental orthotropic analysis of rock mechanics property[J]. Journal of Southwest Petroleum Institute, 2006, 28(5): 50-52. doi: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2006.05.014 |
[26] |
李军, 柳贡慧, 陈勉. 正交各向异性地层井壁围岩应力新模型[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2011, 30(12): 2481-2485. LI Jun, LIU Gonghui, CHEN Mian. New model for stress of borehole surrounding rock in orthotropic formation[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2011, 30(12): 2481-2485. |
[27] |
王泽利, 何樵登. 用邦德矩阵法推导各向异性介质的弹性常数[J]. 长春科技大学学报, 2000, 30(4): 404-406. Wang Zeli, He Qiaodeng. Using the bond matrix method to deduce the elastic coefficient in anisotropy media[J]. Journal of Changchun University of Science and Technology, 2000, 30(4): 404-406. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-5888.-2000.04.021 |
[28] |
张晓语, 杜启振, 马中高, 等. 各向异性页岩储层脆性特征分析[J]. 物探与化探, 2016, 40(3): 541-549. ZHANG Xiaoyu, DU Qizhen, MA Zhonggao, et al. Brittleness characteristics of anisotropic shale reservoirs[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2016, 40(3): 541-549. doi: 10.11720/wtyht.2016.3.16 |
[29] |
葛瑞·马沃可, 塔潘·木克基, 杰克·德沃金. 岩石物理手册[M]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学出版社, 2008. MAVKO G, MUKERJI T, DVORKIN J. The rock physics handbook:Tool for seismic analysis in porous media[M]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China Press, 2008. |
[30] |
郭洪志. WY地区页岩气藏测井精细评价[D].成都: 西南石油大学, 2014. GUO Hongzhi. Comprehensive logging evaluation for shale gas reservoir in WY Area[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Petroleum University, 2014. http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10615-1016327044.htm |
[31] |
AULD B A. Acoustic fields and waves in solids[M]. Florida: Robert E. Krieger Publ. Co, 1990: 70-71.
|
[32] |
SHIN K, OGAWA K, YOKOYAMA T. Determination of orthotropic anisotropy of layered roc-back analysis from loading tests in arbitrary directions[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2007, 58(3): 302-312. doi: 10.1002/cjg2.-220175 |
[33] |
牛滨华, 何樵登, 孙春岩. 六方各向异性介质方位矢量波动方程及其相速度[J]. 石油物探, 1994, 33(1): 19-29. NIU Binhua, HE Qiaodeng, SUN Chunyan. Azimuth vector wave equation of hexagonal anisotropic medium and its phase velocity[J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum, 1994, 33(1): 19-29. |
[34] |
LUAN Xinyuan, DI Bangrang, WEI Jianxin, et al. Laboratory measurements of brittleness anisotropy in synthetic shale with different cementation[J]. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstrct, 2014, 3005-3009. doi: 10.-1190/segam2014-0432.1 |
[35] |
陈勉, 金衍, 张广清. 石油工程岩石力学[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2008: 8-9. CHEN Mian, JIN Yan, ZHANG Guangqing. Rock mechanics in petroleum engineering[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2008: 8-9. |
[36] |
刘树根, 马文辛, LUBA, 等. 四川盆地东部地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩储层特征[J]. 岩石学报, 2011, 27(8): 2239-2252. LIU Shugen, MA Wenxin, LUBA J, et al. Characteristics of the shale gas reservoir rocks in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation, East Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2011, 27(8): 2239-2252. doi: 10.1260/0144-5987.31.2.187 |
[37] |
周德华, 焦方正, 郭旭升, 等. 川东南涪陵地区下侏罗统页岩油气地质特征[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2013, 34(4): 450-454. ZHOU Dehua, JIAO Fangzheng, GUO Xusheng, et al. Geological features of the Lower Jurassic shale gas play in Fuling Area, the southeastern Sichuan Basin[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2013, 34(4): 450-454. doi: 10.11743/-ogg20130404 |
[38] |
BACKUS G E. Long-wave elastic anisotropy produced by horizontal layering[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1962, 67(11): 4427-4440. doi: 10.1029/JZ067i011p04427 |
[39] |
GERRARD C M. Equivalent elastic moduli of a rock mass consisting of orthorhombic layers[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1982, 19(1): 9-14. doi: 10.1016/0148-9062(82)90705-7 |
[40] |
JING L. A review of techniques, advances and outstanding issues in numerical modelling for rock mechanics and rock engineering[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, 2003, 40(3): 283-353. doi: 10.1016/S1365-1609(03)00013-3 |