2. 国土资源部海底矿产资源重点实验室·广州海洋地质调查局, 广东 广州 510075
2. MLR Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510075, China
大陆边缘海底广泛发育富含烃类物质(通常以甲烷为主)的低温流体渗漏活动,统称冷泉[1]。烃类渗漏可分为宏渗漏和微渗漏两种类型。烃类宏渗漏是指在海底可见或可检测到甲烷气泡泄漏的现象,该过程中甲烷渗漏通量大,能在海底附近形成麻坑及泥火山等地质构造,并促使化能自养生物群落和自生碳酸盐岩的发育。烃类微渗漏是指在若干年内没有明显气泡渗漏的渗漏现象。相对而言,烃类微渗漏更为普遍,且随着烃类气体的逐渐渗漏和消耗,宏渗漏通常会转变为微渗漏[2]。烃类微渗漏的存在意味着下伏沉积物中有气源的存在,因此识别海底微渗漏活动有利于海洋油气及天然气水合物勘探工作[3-4]。海底烃类微渗漏分布广泛,其中的甲烷循环过程是全球碳循环的重要组成部分[5]。因此,海底烃类微渗漏活动受到广泛关注。
海底烃类微渗漏活动难以通过声学、多波速、地震或海底观察等方法来识别。海底沉积物孔隙水的地球化学分析是识别烃类渗漏活动的有效方法,有助于判别流体来源及计算孔隙水组分通量,从而定性或定量认识烃类微渗漏活动特征及相关的生物地球化学过程[6-8]。烃类微渗漏通常以扩散方式向海底运移[5],在海底浅表层甲烷会被甲烷缺氧氧化作用(CH
目前,南海北部陆坡区已发现了超过30个冷泉渗漏区[17]。在珠江口盆地东部海域、神狐海域、西沙海槽以及琼东南海域都发现了孔隙水地球化学异常,有效地指示了区域上的甲烷渗漏,从而有助于圈定水合物发育的有利区[18-23]。珠江口盆地东部海域存在南部深水区“海洋四号”沉积体和北部浅水区九龙甲烷礁两个水合物有利区域,SMTZ埋深较浅(普遍在10.0 m以内),指示较高的甲烷通量(14.70
琼东南盆地是冷泉与水合物调查的重点海域之一。在该盆地中部的“海马”冷泉区已经发现了大片活动冷泉渗漏区,海底浅表层发育化能自养生物群落、自生碳酸盐岩及块状水合物[17]。在琼东南盆地HQ-1PC和HQ-48PC站位,SMTZ埋深较浅(6.0
南海北部陆坡区位于神狐暗沙隆起、番禺低隆起及东沙隆起以南,自北东向南西伸展并逐渐变宽。总体上海底地形由西北向东南倾斜,水深线近似平行于海岸线,水深200
以琼东南盆地为主体的琼东南盆地是南海北部陆坡天然气水合物赋存区域之一。琼东南盆地位于珠江口盆地以西的被动大陆边缘,发育厚度很大的新近系(厚达12.0 km),是在加里东、燕山期褶皱基底上形成的新生代大型含油气盆地,为水合物的形成提供了良好的气源条件。在盆地超压条件下,大量泥底辟、气烟囱与断层得以形成,烃类气体得以运移至浅层沉积物中,具备了水合物成藏的构造条件[30-31]。近年来,广州海洋地质调查局已在该海域中部发现了现今仍在活动的天然气冷泉—“海马”冷泉,“海马”冷泉由大面积的冷泉碳酸盐岩和化能自养生物群落组成,浅表层沉积物中发育块状水合物[17]。
采样站位HQ-6PC和HQ-38PC位于琼东南盆地西北陆坡区,水深分别为1 246 m和1 153 m。两个站位的柱状沉积物样品在广州海洋地质调查局的水合物调查航次中通过大型重力活塞取样器获取,长度分别为6.0 m和8.1 m。柱状样品取到甲板后,去除两根柱状样底部5.0
剩余的孔隙水样品密封在聚四氟乙烯瓶内,在4℃下保存。样品运输到南京大学内生金属矿床成矿机制研究国家重点实验室后随机开展地球化学分析测试,测试项目包括阴阳离子、微量元素与δ
孔隙水的硫酸盐(SO
$ J = - \phi {D_{\text{s}}}\frac{{{\text{d}}c}}{{{\text{d}}x}} $ | (1) |
式中:
SO
$ {D_{\text{s}}} = \frac{{{D_0}}}{{1 - {\text{ln}}{\phi ^2}}} $ | (2) |
文中,
两根柱状样的孔隙水中Cl
孔隙水中SO
在冷泉环境中,B(OH)
分析表 1及图 4,可以看出,柱状样HQ-6PC的TA随深度变化从3.4 mmol/L增大到12.2 mmol/L,δ
孔隙水中的Cl
在柱状样HQ-6PC中,沉积物孔隙水Cl
在柱状样HQ-38PC中,沉积物孔隙水Cl
在大陆边缘的海底浅表层沉积物中,孔隙水SO
在图解中,来自柱状样HQ-6PC的数据处于斜率2.00:1.00和1.00:1.00,落在斜率为1.45:1.00的直线附近,表明OSR和AOM作用均参与了消耗孔隙水中硫酸根的过程,根据简单的质量守恒模型估算约有45%的SO
此外,孔隙水中的δ
在烃类渗漏区沉积物中,甲烷向上扩散通量决定了硫酸根浓度递减梯度与SMTZ界面深度,也就是说,SMTZ深度与区域上甲烷通量呈正相关关系,浅的SMTZ深度一般对应高的甲烷通量[9-10]。在没有穿透SMTZ的柱状样中,SMTZ深度通过线性拟合硫酸根浓度数据,再外推硫酸根浓度降为零的深度来估算。根据上述方法,柱状样HQ-6PC中SMTZ深度约为海底之下11.0 m。在柱状样HQ-38PC中,由于5.2 m以下区域硫酸根受到流体的混入影响不大,表明流体加入时间较短并没有及时向深部扩散[19],因此对5.2 m以下部分进行线性拟合计算,结果显示,HQ-38PC柱样的SMTZ深度约为9.9 m(图 6)。
根据AOM过程中硫酸根和甲烷的消耗摩尔比为1.00:1.00,沉积物中的甲烷向上扩散通量约等于硫酸根向下扩散通量,因此可以利用硫酸根通量来估算甲烷通量[9]。然而,只有在AOM作用是硫酸根消耗的主要反应条件下,估算出的甲烷通量才有效[48]。由于柱状样HQ-38PC在5.2 m以下AOM作用占主导并且硫酸根浓度呈直线递减,只有它的数据能够用来估算沉积物中的甲烷扩散通量。
根据式(1)和式(2)估算硫酸根向下扩散通量,结果显示,HQ-38PC的硫酸根通量为3 2.00 mmol
在早期成岩作用过程中,微生物调控的OSR和AOM作用会在孔隙水中产生过剩的DIC,增加孔隙水的碱度,从而促进自生碳酸盐的形成[57-58]。海洋沉积物中的自生碳酸盐是古代和现代海洋碳循环的一个重要组成部分[59-60]。柱状样HQ-6PC和HQ-38PC中Ca
由于文石具有比海水高的Sr/Ca比值,当它在孔隙水中沉淀时会导致孔隙水的Sr/Ca比值降低;反之,当高镁方解石在孔隙水中形成沉淀时会使流体中的Sr/Ca比值升高[57]。因此,孔隙水中的Sr/Ca比值可以用来判别孔隙流体中哪种自生碳酸盐矿物正在形成[24, 50, 57]。根据Sr/Ca和Mg/Ca比值图解,柱状样HQ-6PC和HQ-38PC中的孔隙水数据显示及明显高于海水的Sr/Ca比值特征,表明其沉积物孔隙水中主要形成髙镁方解石(图 7)。根据各种碳酸盐矿物形成的热力学条件,文石更倾向形成于高硫酸根浓度和甲烷通量的环境中,往往在冷泉喷口附近的近海底环境中大量沉淀;而高镁方解石更倾向形成于较低的硫酸根浓度和甲烷通量的沉积物中[57, 61-63]。柱状样HQ-6PC和HQ-38PC中孔隙水Sr/Ca比值随深度增加而升高,与硫酸根的变化趋势相反(图 3),也支持两个柱状样中主要沉淀髙镁方解石。自生碳酸盐矿物的类型指示相对于冷泉喷口的甲烷通量,两个站位的甲烷通量较小,属于烃类微渗漏环境。
5 结论(1) HQ-6PC沉积物孔隙水硫酸根浓度主要受OSR和AOM的共同影响,HQ-38PC沉积物孔隙水硫酸根浓度在5.2 m以下主要受AOM的控制。拟合计算HQ-38PC柱样的SMTZ深度约为9.9 m,甲烷渗漏通量约为32.00 mmol
(2) 两个柱样沉积物中可能均存在自生碳酸盐矿物的沉淀,且以高镁方解石沉淀为主。
(3) HQ-6PC的Cl
(4) 两个站位浅表层发育显著的甲烷微渗漏活动,其下伏沉积物中可能发育水合物。
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