西南石油大学学报(自然科学版)  2017, Vol. 39 Issue (3): 103-110
裂缝性低渗气藏水平井不稳定产量递减探讨    [PDF全文]
曹丽娜1 , 李晓平1, 罗诚2, 张芨强3, 谭晓华1    
1. "油气藏地质及开发工程"国家重点实验室·西南石油大学, 四川 成都 610500;
2. 中国石油川庆钻探工程公司地质勘探开发研究院, 四川 成都 610056;
3. 中海石油湛江分公司, 广东 湛江, 524057
摘要: 针对气体在低渗储层中低速流动时存在启动压力梯度的问题,开展了渗流模型建立、求解及定性分析研究。采用低速非达西渗流机理,建立了考虑启动压力梯度的裂缝性低渗气藏水平井不稳定渗流模型,求解了数学模型并绘制了水平井产量递减典型曲线。该渗流模型最终求取的是定压生产条件下低渗气井的不稳定产量解,为采用图版拟合法评价储层参数提供了理论依据。启动压力梯度等相关参数对递减曲线的影响分析表明,启动压力梯度越大、储层物性越差,流动越困难,水平井产量越低,产量递减曲线位置越低;弹性储容比越小,基质窜流发生越早,产量导数曲线上的下凹部分持续时间越长,下凹程度越深;窜流系数越小,产量导数曲线上的下凹部分出现时间越晚,窜流越难发生。
关键词: 低渗气藏     双重介质     水平井     产量递减     启动压力梯度    
Investigation of Unstable Production Decline in Fractured Low-Permeability Gas Reservoir Horizontal Wells
CAO Lina1 , LI Xiaoping1, LUO Cheng2, ZHANG Jiqiang3, TAN Xiaohua1    
1. State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China;
2. Geological Exploration and Development Research Institute of CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610056, China;
3. CNOOC Zhanjiang Co. Ltd., Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524057, China
Abstract: With respect to the problem of starting pressure gradients during the low-speed flow of a gas from low-permeability gas reservoirs, a flow model was constructed, solved, and qualitatively analyzed. Using a low-speed non-Darcy flow mechanism, a model of the unstable flow in fractured low-permeability gas reservoir horizontal wells was constructed with the starting pressure gradient taken into account. The mathematical model was solved and a typical curve of production decline in the horizontal wells was plotted. The last solution of this flow model, that is, the unstable production of low-permeability gas wells under constant pressure production conditions was used to provide the theoretical basis for the use of graph fitting methods to assess the reservoir parameters. Analysis of the effects of the starting pressure gradients and other related parameters on the production-decline curve showed that as the starting pressure gradient increased, the storage properties became poorer, the flow became more difficult, the horizontal well production decreased, and the production decline curve shifted downward. With the decrease in the elastic storage ratio, the matrix channeling occurred earlier, the concave down portion of the production derivative curve increased in duration, and the degree of the downward concavity increased. When the channeling coefficient decreased, the concave down portion of the production-derivative curve shifted later and the channeling occurred less easily.
Key words: low-permeability gas reservoirs     binary medium     horizontal wells     production decline     starting pressure gradient    
引言

低渗气藏由于储层物性差、产量下降快、递减期长等地质与开发特征,开发难度高于常规气藏[1]。针对低渗储层启动压力梯度的研究,1999年,Prada等[2]提出达西公式应进行启动压力梯度的校正。Zeng等[3]于2011年测出超低渗储层的最小启动压力梯度值并提出利用拟启动压力梯度和非线性系数确定该值的方法。其他国内外学者在实验方法、新算法等方面也做了大量工作[4-11],为低渗储层渗流规律研究提供了理论基础。

水平井具有增大泄气面积、降低渗流阻力等优势,正在大规模应用于低渗气藏开发。高海红和杨学云等[12-13]分别建立了受启动压力梯度影响的水平井产能方程。在低渗气藏水平井的非稳态渗流规律方面,多数研究成果主要集中在瞬态压力动态分析[14-21],如Jalali等[16]分析了天然裂缝储层水平井的压力动态,Guo等[19]建立了考虑启动压力梯度的水平井试井分析模型,而对于不稳定产量递减特征的关注较少。在低渗气藏实际生产中,定压投产和定产投产都可能出现,由于不稳定压力动态是在定产生产条件下获得,不稳定产量递减则是在定压生产条件下获得,本文将针对定压生产制度下的不稳定产量递减特征展开研究。

以水平气井非稳态渗流理论为基础,主要考虑低速非达西效应即启动压力梯度的影响,利用拉普拉斯变换与正交变换相结合的方法,详细推导了裂缝性低渗气藏水平井不稳定压力及产量公式。利用Stehfest数值反演算法绘制出双重介质水平井产量递减典型曲线,继而研究了启动压力梯度、弹性储容比和窜流系数对产量递减曲线的影响。本文的研究可用于水平井现代产量递减分析,对于精确有效地预测裂缝性低渗气藏水平井生产动态具有积极的指导意义。

1 渗流数学模型

启动压力梯度的概念最早由Florin于1951年提出,20世纪中叶国外学者相继发现流体在低渗致密储层的渗流过程中产生了存在启动压力梯度的非达西渗流[22]。实验结果表明,对于低速渗流,渗流速度与压力梯度关系曲线为一条不通过原点的曲线,图 1为启动压力梯度示意图。此时,低速非达西渗流的运动方程为[23]

$ v =\left\{ \begin{array}{cl} -3.6\dfrac{K}{\mu}(\nabla p-\lambda_{\text{B}}) &, \quad \nabla p > \lambda_{\text{B}} \\ 0 &, \quad \nabla p \leqslant \lambda_{\text{B}} \end{array} \right. $ (1)
图1 低渗气藏非达西渗流曲线关系 Fig. 1 Non-Darcy flow relationship with threshold pressure gradient in low permeability gas reservoir

假设裂缝性低渗气藏厚度为h,水平方向无限大,顶底为封闭边界,初始地层压力为pi。双重介质物理结构为Warren-Root模型,气体从基质流向裂缝再流至井筒,基质系统向裂缝系统为拟稳态窜流。长度为2L的水平井处在气藏的任一位置zw处,平行于顶底边界,其水平和垂直方向的渗透率分别为KfhKfv。单相气体微可压缩并具有恒定黏度和压缩系数,服从低速非达西流动,忽略重力和毛管力的影响。水平井渗流的物理模型见图 2

图2 双孔裂缝性气藏水平井渗流物理模型 Fig. 2 Sketch map of horizontal gas well percolation in dual-porosity media

考虑启动压力梯度的影响,裂缝系统中拟压力形式的渗流微分方程为

$ \dfrac{1}{r}\dfrac{\partial }{\partial r}\left[{r\left( {\dfrac{\partial m_\text{f} }{\partial r}-\dfrac{2p}{\mu Z}\lambda _\text{B} } \right)} \right]+\dfrac{K_{\text{fv}} }{K_{\text{fh}} }\dfrac{\partial }{\partial z}\left( {\dfrac{\partial m_\text{f} }{\partial z}-\dfrac{2p}{\mu Z}\lambda _\text{B} } \right)+\\[4pt]{\kern 40pt}\dfrac{\alpha K_\text{m} }{K_{\text{fh}} }\left( {m_\text{m} -m_\text{f} } \right)=\dfrac{\phi _\text{f} \mu C_{\text{ft}} }{3.6K_{\text{fh}} }\dfrac{\partial m_\text{f} }{\partial t} $ (2)

基质系统中拟压力形式的渗流微分方程为

$ \alpha K_\text{m} \left( {m_\text{m} -m_\text{f} } \right)+\dfrac{\phi _\text{m} \mu C_{\text{mt}} }{3.6}\dfrac{\partial m_\text{m} }{\partial t}=0 $ (3)

裂缝和基质系统拟压力函数表达式分别为

$ {m_{\text{f}}} = \int_{{p_0}}^{{p_{\text{f}}}} {\frac{{2p}}{{\mu Z}}{\text{d}}p} $ (4)
$ {m_m} = \int_{{p_0}}^{{p_m}} {\frac{{2p}}{{\mu Z}}{\text{d}}p} $ (5)

引入拟启动压力梯度λmB,有

$ \lambda _{\text{mB}} =\dfrac{2p}{\mu Z}\lambda _\text{B} $ (6)

裂缝系统控制方程式(2)可化为

$ \dfrac{1}{r}\dfrac{\partial }{\partial r}\left( {r\dfrac{\partial m_\text{f} }{\partial r}} \right)-\dfrac{\lambda _{\text{mB}} }{r}+\dfrac{K_{\text{fv}} }{K_{\text{fh}} }\dfrac{\partial ^2m_\text{f} }{\partial z^2}+\\[4pt]{\kern 40pt}\dfrac{\alpha K_\text{m} }{K_{\text{fh}} }\left( {m_\text{m} -m_\text{f} } \right)=\dfrac{\phi _\text{f} \mu C_{\text{ft}} }{3.6K_{\text{fh}} }\dfrac{\partial m_\text{f} }{\partial t} $ (7)

将式(3)、式(7)进行无因次化,可得无因次渗流微分方程

$ \lambda \left( {m_{\text{mD}} -m_{\text{fD}} } \right)+\left( {1-\omega } \right)\dfrac{\partial m_{\text{mD}} }{\partial t_\text{D} }=0 $ (8)
$ \dfrac{1}{r_\text{D} }\dfrac{\partial }{\partial r_\text{D} }\left( {r_\text{D} \dfrac{\partial m_{\text{fD}} }{\partial r_\text{D} }} \right)+\dfrac{\lambda _{\text{mBD}} }{r_\text{D} } +\lambda \left({h_\text{D} L_\text{D} } \right)^2\left( {m_{\text{mD}}-m_{\text{fD}} } \right)\\{\kern 40pt} +L_\text{D}^2 \dfrac{\partial ^2m_{\text{fD}} }{\partial z_\text{D} ^2}=\omega \left( {h_\text{D} L_\text{D} } \right)^2\dfrac{\partial m_{\text{fD}} }{\partial t_\text{D} } $ (9)

内边界条件

$ \begin{align} & \underset{\begin{smallmatrix} {{\varepsilon }_{\text{D}}}\to 0 \\ {{r}_{\text{D}}}\to 0 \end{smallmatrix}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\int_{{{z}_{\text{wD}}}-\frac{{{\varepsilon }_{\text{D}}}}{2}}^{{{z}_{\text{wD}}}+\frac{{{\varepsilon }_{\text{D}}}}{2}}{{{r}_{\text{D}}}}\left( \frac{\partial {{m}_{\text{fD}}}}{\partial {{r}_{\text{D}}}}+{{\lambda }_{\text{mBD}}} \right)\text{d}{{z}_{\text{wD}}}=-\frac{1}{2}, \\ & \ \ \ \ \ \ \left| {{z}_{\text{D}}}-{{z}_{\text{wD}}} \right|\le \frac{{{\varepsilon }_{\text{D}}}}{2} \\ \end{align} $ (10)

水平方向外边界条件

$ m_{\text{fD}} \left( {r_\text{D} \!\to\! \infty, z_\text{D}, t_\text{D} } \right)\!=\!m_{\text{mD}} (r_\text{D} \!\to\! \infty, z_\text{D}, t_\text{D} )\!=\!0 $ (11)

垂直方向外边界条件

$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \dfrac{\partial m_{\text{fD}} }{\partial z_\text{D} }\left| {_{z_\text{D} =0} } \right.=\dfrac{\partial m_{\text{mD}} }{\partial z_\text{D} }\left| {_{z_\text{D} =0} } \right.=0\\[2pt] \dfrac{\partial m_{\text{fD}} }{\partial z_\text{D} }\left| {_{z_\text{D} =1} } \right.=\dfrac{\partial m_{\text{mD}} }{\partial z_\text{D} }\left| {_{z_\text{D} =1} } \right.=0 \end{array} \right. $ (12)

初始条件:

$ m_{\text{fD}} \left( {r_\text{D}, z_\text{D}, 0} \right)=m_{\text{mD}} \left( {r_\text{D}, z_\text{D}, 0} \right)=0 $ (13)

联立式(8)~式(13),即为考虑启动压力梯度影响的裂缝性低渗气藏水平气井渗流数学模型。

2 数学模型求解

考虑到该数学模型的非线性,先对时间变量进行拉普拉斯变换,再对空间变量进行正交变换,从而获得模型的精确解。对拟压力miD (rD, zD, tD)关于tD进行Laplace变换于si = f, m),并记miDmiD的拉氏变换函数

$ \bar {m}_{\text{iD}} \left( {r_\text{D}, z_\text{D}, s} \right)=L\left[ {m_{i\text{D}} \left( {r_\text{D}, z_\text{D}, t_\text{D} } \right)} \right] =\\{\kern 40pt}\int_0^{+\infty } {m_{i\text{D}} \left( {r_\text{D}, z_\text{D} , t_\text{D} } \right){\rm e}^{-st_\text{D} }} {\rm d}t_\text{D} $ (14)

根据拉氏变换的微分性质,并利用初始条件,则拟压力对时间导数的拉氏变换写为

$ L\left[{\dfrac{\partial m_{i\text{D}} \left( {r_\text{D}, z_\text{D} , t_\text{D} } \right)}{\partial t_\text{D} }} \right]=s\cdot L\left[ {m_{i\text{D}} \left( {r_\text{D}, z_\text{D}, t_\text{D} } \right)} \right]-\\[4pt]{\kern 40pt}m_{i\text{D}} \left( {r_\text{D}, z_\text{D}, t_\text{D} } \right)\left| {_{t_\text{D} =0} =} \right.s\bar {m}_{\text{iD}} $ (15)

把方程和边界条件进行Laplace变换,并利用初始条件,得到

$ \left\{ \begin{align} & \frac{1}{{{r}_{\text{D}}}}\frac{\partial }{\partial {{r}_{\text{D}}}}\left( {{r}_{\text{D}}}\frac{\partial {{{\bar{m}}}_{\text{fD}}}}{\partial {{r}_{\text{D}}}} \right)+\frac{{{\lambda }_{\text{mBD}}}}{s{{r}_{\text{D}}}}+L_{\text{D}}^{2}\frac{{{\partial }^{2}}{{{\bar{m}}}_{\text{fD}}}}{\partial z_{\text{D}}^{2}}= \\ &{{\left( {{h}_{\text{D}}}{{L}_{\text{D}}} \right)}^{2}}\left[ \omega s{{{\bar{m}}}_{\text{fD}}}+\left( 1-\omega \right)s{{{\bar{m}}}_{\text{mD}}} \right] \\ & {{{\bar{m}}}_{\text{mD}}}=\frac{\lambda }{\lambda +\left( 1-\omega \right)s}{{{\bar{m}}}_{\text{fD}}} \\ & \underset{\begin{smallmatrix} {{\varepsilon }_{\text{D}}}\to 0 \\ {{r}_{\text{D}}}\to 0 \end{smallmatrix}}{\mathop{\lim }}\,\int_{{{z}_{\text{wD}}}-\frac{{{\varepsilon }_{\text{D}}}}{2}}^{{{z}_{\text{wD}}}+\frac{{{\varepsilon }_{\text{D}}}}{2}}{{{r}_{\text{D}}}}\left( \frac{\partial {{{\bar{m}}}_{\text{fD}}}}{\partial {{r}_{\text{D}}}}+\frac{{{\lambda }_{\text{mBD}}}}{s} \right)\text{d}{{z}_{\text{wD}}}= \\ &-\frac{1}{2s},\left| {{z}_{\text{D}}}-{{z}_{\text{wD}}} \right|\le \frac{{{\varepsilon }_{\text{D}}}}{2} \\ & {{{\bar{m}}}_{\text{fD}}}\left( {{r}_{\text{D}}}\to \infty ,{{z}_{\text{D}}},s \right)={{{\bar{m}}}_{\text{mD}}}\left( {{r}_{\text{D}}}\to \infty ,{{z}_{\text{D}}},s \right)=0 \\ & \frac{\partial {{{\bar{m}}}_{\text{fD}}}}{\partial {{z}_{\text{D}}}}\left| _{{{z}_{\text{D}}}=0} \right.=\frac{\partial {{{\bar{m}}}_{\text{mD}}}}{\partial {{z}_{\text{D}}}}\left| _{{{z}_{\text{D}}}=0} \right.=0 \\ & \frac{\partial {{{\bar{m}}}_{\text{fD}}}}{\partial {{z}_{\text{D}}}}\left| _{{{z}_{\text{D}}}=1} \right.=\frac{\partial {{{\bar{m}}}_{\text{mD}}}}{\partial {{z}_{\text{D}}}}\left| _{{{z}_{\text{D}}}=1} \right.=0 \\ \end{align} \right. $ (16)

为确定正交变换的核函数,需求解关于zD的施图姆刘维尔特征值问题(式(17))

$ \left\{ \begin{split} & Z''+\theta Z=0, \;\;0 < z_\text{D} < 1 \\ & \dfrac{{\rm d}Z}{{\rm d}z_\text{D} }\left|_ {z_\text{D} =0} \right.=\dfrac{{\rm d}Z}{{\rm d}z_\text{D} }\left|_ {z_\text{D} =1 }=0 \right. \\ \end{split} \right. $ (17)

因为边值问题,式(17)并非对于任何θ都有非零解,只有当θ取某些特定值时才能有非零解存在。对特征方程分情况讨论,得到施图姆刘维尔问题式(17)的特征值为θn = (nπ)2,所对应的特征函数系为Zn (zD) = cosnπzD,其中n = 0, 1, 2...。该函数系构成[0,1]上的完备正交系。

以特征函数cosnπzD作为核函数引入正交变换,记${{\bar{\bar{m}}}_{\text{fD}}}$mfD关于变量zD的正交变换后的函数

$ \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} \left( {r_\text{D}, n, s} \right)=F\left[{\bar {m}_{\text{fD}} \left( {r_\text{D}, z_\text{D}, s} \right)} \right]\\{\kern 40pt} =\int_0^1 {\bar {m}_{\text{fD}} \left( {r_\text{D}, z_\text{D}, s} \right)\cos n\pi z_\text{D} } {\rm d}z_\text{D} $ (18)

关于${{\bar{\bar{m}}}_{\text{fD}}}$的数学模型为

$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \left[{\left( {h_\text{D} L_\text{D} } \right)^2\dfrac{\lambda +s\omega (1-\omega )}{\lambda +(1-\omega )s}s+n^2\pi ^2L_\text{D}^2 } \right]\bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} -\\[5pt]{\kern 40pt} \dfrac{1}{r_\text{D} }\dfrac{\partial }{\partial r_\text{D} }\left[ {r_\text{D} \dfrac{\partial \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} }{\partial r_\text{D} }} \right]-\dfrac{\varphi _n }{r_\text{D} }=0 \\[6pt] \mathop {\lim }\limits_{r_\text{D} \to 0} r_\text{D} \dfrac{\partial \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} }{\partial r_\text{D} }=\dfrac{-\cos n\pi z_{\text{wD}} }{2s} \\ \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} \left( {r_\text{D} \to \infty, n, s} \right)=0 \end{array} \right. $ (19)

式(19)中,φn$\frac{{{\lambda _{{\text{mBD}}}}}}{s} $的正交变换形式

$ \begin{gathered} {\varphi _n} = F\left[{\frac{{{\lambda _{{\text{mBD}}}}}}{s}} \right] = \int_0^1 {\frac{{{\lambda _{{\text{mBD}}}}}}{s}} \cos n\pi {z_{\text{D}}}{\text{d}}{z_{\text{D}}} = \hfill \\ \left\{ \begin{gathered} \frac{{{\lambda _{{\text{mBD}}}}}}{s}, n = 0 \hfill \\ 0, n \ne 0 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right. \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $ (20)

$u_n =\left( {h_\text{D} L_\text{D} } \right)^2\dfrac{\lambda +s\omega (1-\omega )}{\lambda +(1-\omega )s}s+n^2\pi ^2L_\text{D}^2 $,则式(19)中的基本微分方程可写为

$ \dfrac{1}{r_\text{D} }\dfrac{\partial }{\partial r_\text{D} }\left( {r_\text{D} \dfrac{\partial \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} }{\partial r_\text{D} }} \right)+\dfrac{\varphi _n }{r_\text{D} }-u_n \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} =0 $ (21)

(1) 当n≠0时,φn = 0,则式(21)化为

$ \dfrac{\partial ^2\bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} }{\partial r_\text{D}^2 }+\dfrac{1}{r_\text{D} }\dfrac{\partial \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} }{\partial r_\text{D} }-u_n \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} =0 $ (22)

两边同乘以rD2,有

$ r_\text{D}^2 \dfrac{\partial ^2\bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} }{\partial r_\text{D}^2 }+r_\text{D} \dfrac{\partial \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} }{\partial r_\text{D} }-u_n r_\text{D}^2 \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} =0 $ (23)

$x=r_\text{D} \sqrt {u_n } $,则$r_\text{D} =\dfrac{x}{\sqrt {u_n } } $,根据复合函数求导法则,式(23)可化为

$ r_\text{D}^2 u_n \dfrac{\partial ^2\bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} }{\partial x^2}+r_\text{D} \sqrt {u_n } \dfrac{\partial \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} }{\partial x}-r_\text{D}^2 u_n \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} =0 $ (24)

式(24)可表示为

$ x^2\dfrac{\partial ^2\bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} }{\partial x^2}+x\dfrac{\partial \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} }{\partial x}-\left( {x^2+\upsilon ^2} \right)\bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} =0 $ (25)

式(25)中,v= 0,此处v表示虚宗量贝塞尔方程的阶数,故n≠ 0时,方程(21)为零阶虚宗量贝塞尔方程,其通解为

$ \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} =AI_0 \left( {r_\text{D} \sqrt {u_n } } \right)+BK_0 \left( {r_\text{D} \sqrt {u_n } } \right) $ (26)

(2)当n = 0时,$\varphi _n =\dfrac{\lambda _{\text{mBD}} }{s}\ne 0 $,方程(21)的自由项不为零,故为非齐次方程,特解可用格林函数表示,则通解为

$ \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} =AI_0 \left( {r_\text{D} \sqrt {u_n } } \right)+BK_0 \left( {r_\text{D} \sqrt {u_n } } \right)+\\[4pt]{\kern 40pt}\int_0^{+\infty } {G\left( {r_D, \tau } \right)} {\rm d}\tau $ (27)

式(27)中,G(rD, τ)为格林函数,表达式为

$ G\left( {r_D, \tau } \right)=\left\{ {{\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\dfrac{\lambda _{\text{mBD}} }{s}K_0 \left( {r_\text{D} \sqrt {u_0 } } \right)I_0 \left( {\tau \sqrt {u_0 } } \right)}, \\{\kern 40pt} {\left( {0 < \tau < r_\text{D} } \right)} \\ {\dfrac{\lambda _{\text{mBD}} }{s}K_0 \left( {\tau \sqrt {u_0 } } \right)I_0 \left( {r_\text{D} \sqrt {u_0 } } \right)}, \\{\kern 40pt} {(r_\text{D} < \tau < +\infty )} \hfill \\ \end{array} }} \right. $ (28)

利用式(19)中内外边界条件并结合贝塞尔函数的性质,确定式(27)中的系数AB,可得

$ \bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} =\dfrac{\cos n\pi z_{\text{wD}} }{2s}K_0 \left( {r_\text{D} \sqrt {u_n } } \right)+\\{\kern 40pt}\int_0^{+\infty } {G\left( {r_D, \tau } \right)} {\rm d}\tau $ (29)

根据特征函数系的完备正交性,正交逆变换的表达式为

$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} \bar {m}_{\text{fD}} \left( {r_\text{D}, z_\text{D}, s} \right)=F^{-1}\left[ {\bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} \left( {r_\text{D}, n, s} \right)} \right]=\\{\kern 40pt} \sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty {\dfrac{\bar {\bar {m}}_{\text{fD}} \left( {r_\text{D}, n, s} \right)}{\left\| {\cos n\pi z_\text{D} } \right\|^2}} \cos n\pi z_\text{D} \end{array} $ (30)

因此,通过正交逆变换可得裂缝系统无因次拟压力的拉氏空间解为

$ \bar {m}_{\text{fD}} =\dfrac{1}{s}\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty {K_0 \left( {r_\text{D} \sqrt {u_n } } \right)} \cos n\pi z_{\text{wD}} \cos n\pi z_\text{D}+\\{\kern 40pt}\dfrac{1}{2s}K_0 \left( {r_\text{D} \sqrt {u_0 } }\right)+\int_0^{+\infty } {G\left( {r_D, \tau } \right)} {\rm d}\tau $ (31)

根据源的思想,对点源解式(31)沿水平井筒方向积分,可得拉氏空间下考虑启动压力梯度影响的裂缝性低渗气藏水平井井底拟压力表达式

$ \bar {m}_{\text{fD}} =\dfrac{1}{2s}\int_{-1}^1 K_0 \left( {\left| {x_\text{D} -\alpha } \right|\sqrt {u_0 } } \right){\rm d}\alpha + \int_0^{+\infty } {\int_{-1}^1 {G\left( {\left| {x_\text{D} -\alpha } \right|, \tau } \right)} {\rm d}\alpha {\rm d}\tau } + \\[5pt]{\kern 40pt} \dfrac{1}{s}\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty {\int_{-1}^1 {K_0 \left( {\left| {x_\text{D} -\alpha } \right|\sqrt {u_n } } \right)\cos n\pi z_{\text{wD}} \cos n\pi z_\text{D} {\rm d}\alpha } } $ (32)

根据Duhamel叠加原理,考虑井筒储集效应和表皮效应影响,水平井井底拟压力响应的表达式为

$ \bar {m}_{\text{wD}} =\dfrac{s\bar {m}_{\text{fD}} +S}{s+C_\text{D} s^2(s\bar {m}_{\text{fD}} +S)} $ (33)

根据Van Everdingen和Hurst的研究[24],拉氏空间下定压产量解与定产压力解的关系为

$ \bar {q}_\text{D} \left( s \right)=\dfrac{1}{s^2\bar {m}_{\text{wD}} \left( s \right)} $ (34)

式(34)为获取定压产量解的常用方法,已为诸多学者(Nie、Huang、Xie等[25-27])所用并证实了其正确性。

联合(32)~(34)式,即可获得考虑启动压力梯度影响的裂缝性低渗气藏水平井无因次产量在拉氏空间下的解。

3 产量递减典型曲线

不稳定产量递减分析与不稳定试井分析都是基于经典的渗流理论,均采用图版拟合的方法获取参数。但不稳定产量递减分析方法只需采用每日计量的生产数据,可以省去高精度要求的压力不稳定测试流程,有效避免测压工序的繁琐。

根据德国经济统计学家Stehfest提出的数值反演算法[28],绘制出裂缝性低渗气藏水平井无因次产量递减典型曲线,如图 3所示。根据图 3可以将不稳定产量递减曲线划分为7个流动阶段。

图3 裂缝性低渗气藏水平井产量递减典型曲线 Fig. 3 Type curves of transient production decline of horizontal well in fractured low permeability gas reservoir

第1阶段为纯井筒储集效应流,表现为无因次产量及其导数曲线重合为相同斜率的下降直线。第2阶段为表皮效应过渡流,产量曲线的下降程度变缓,产量导数曲线继续下降。第3阶段为早期垂向径向流,产量导数曲线近似成一条水平线,其值与LD有关。当水平井井筒储集系数较大时,表征早期垂向径向流的水平直线段有可能被井筒储集所掩盖。第4阶段为早期裂缝线性流,产量导数曲线呈现轻微上翘的趋势,裂缝系统作为充足的气源涌向井筒,表明该阶段产量的下降不太明显。第5阶段为中期裂缝径向流,无因次产量与其导数近似呈两条平行线,反映了裂缝系统的径向流。第6阶段为基质向裂缝窜流,最明显的特征为产量导数曲线的下凹部分,该阶段裂缝与基质的压差已增大到使气体从基质窜流到裂缝。第7阶段为晚期系统径向流,产量及其导数曲线继续下降,这一阶段描述了整个系统的径向流。

图 4表示启动压力梯度对裂缝性低渗气藏水平井产量递减的影响。从图中可以看出,除了早期井储效应和表皮过渡流,启动压力梯度几乎影响了整个曲线形态。启动压力梯度越大,表明储层物性越差,气体流动越困难,因此气体产量越低。相应地,产量导数曲线的位置也越靠下。

图4 启动压力梯度对产量递减曲线的影响 Fig. 4 Effect of threshold pressure gradient on transient production decline curves

图 5表示弹性储容比对裂缝性低渗气藏水平井产量递减的影响。从图中可以看出,弹性储容比对典型曲线的中期影响最为明显,储容比越大,裂缝系统的储集能力越强,储集的流体越多,产量递减的总体速度越慢。在曲线上表现为储容比越小,基质窜流发生越早,产量导数的下凹部分出现时间越早,下凹的程度越深,持续的时间越长。

图5 弹性储容比对产量递减曲线的影响 Fig. 5 Effect of elastic storativity ratio on transient production decline curves

图 6表示窜流系数对裂缝性低渗气藏水平井产量递减的影响。窜流系数越小,基质的流体越难发生窜流作用流动到裂缝中去,产量较低。从图 6中可以看出,随着窜流系数的减小,产量曲线的位置越低,产量导数的下凹部分出现时间越晚,表明窜流阶段的发生越滞后。

图6 窜流系数对产量递减曲线的影响 Fig. 6 Effect of cross flow coefficient on transient production decline curves
4 结论

(1) 考虑低速渗流时启动压力梯度的影响,建立了双重介质水平井产量不稳定分析模型,其递减曲线主要变现为7个流动阶段。该模型可以用于水平井生产动态的现代产量递减分析。

(2) 启动压力梯度对水平井产量递减曲线的影响显著。启动压力梯度在一定程度上表征了储层低渗程度,其值越大表明储层物性越差,水平井产量越低,产量递减曲线位置越低。

(3) 弹性储容比和窜流系数的影响与常规气藏水平井的渗流规律一致,弹性储容比主要影响下凹部分的宽度和深度,窜流系数主要影响下凹部分出现的位置。

符号说明

v-气体流速,m/h;

K-渗透率,D;

μ-气体黏度,mPa·s;

∇-哈密尔顿算子;

p-压力,MPa;

λB-启动压力梯度,MPa/m;

h-气层厚度,m;

pi-初始地层压力,MPa;

L-水平段半长,m;

zw-水平井垂向距离,m;

KfhKfv-水平和垂直方向的渗透率,D;

M-空间中任意一点;

rθz-柱坐标分量;

m-拟压力,MPa2/(mPa·s);

Z-气体偏差因子,无因次;

z-垂向距离,m;

α-形状因子,m-2

φ-孔隙度,无因次;

Cft-裂缝系统综合压缩系数,MPa-1

t-时间,h;

Cmt-基质系统综合压缩系数,MPa-1

λmB-拟启动压力梯度,MPa2/(mPa·s·m);

λmBD-无因次拟启动压力梯度;

mfD-无因次裂缝系统拟压力;

mmD-无因次基质系统拟压力;

qD-无因次产量;

mfD-mfD拉氏变换后的对应函数;

${{\bar{\bar{m}}}_{\text{fD}}}$-mfD正交变换后的对应函数;

mwD-井底拟压力拉氏变换后的对应函数;

tD-无因次时间;

ω-弹性储容比,无因次;

λ-窜流系数,无因次;

CD-无因次井筒储集系数;

LD-无因次水平井段长度;

hD-无因次气层厚度;

rD-无因次径向距离;

rwD-无因次井筒半径;

zD-无因次垂向距离;

zwD-无因次水平井位置;

ε-无穷小量;

T-绝对温度,K;

q-产量,×104 m3/d;

C-井筒储集系数,m3/MPa;

s-Laplace变量;

v-虚宗量贝塞尔函数的阶数;

AB-系数。

I0-第一类零阶虚宗量的贝塞尔函数;

K0-第二类零阶虚宗量的贝塞尔函数;

S-表皮系数,无因次;

qD-qD拉氏变换后的对应函数;

qD-无因次产量的导数;

下标f-裂缝系统;

下标m-基质系统。

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