畜牧兽医学报  2020, Vol. 51 Issue (5): 1119-1125. DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2020.05.023    PDF    
西藏羊蜱蝇中巴尔通体检测及gltA基因序列分析
周赛赛1, 谢太凤2, 钱雯娴1,3, 王一飞1, 李天娇1, 朱家平1, 罗润波1, 贡嘎1, 格桑卓玛4, 索朗斯珠1     
1. 西藏农牧学院动物科学学院, 林芝 860000;
2. 青岛农业大学动物科技学院, 青岛 266109;
3. 江苏省农业科学院兽医研究所, 南京 210014;
4. 西藏自治区动物疫病预防控制中心, 拉萨 850000
摘要:为了明确西藏部分地区绵羊体外寄生羊蜱蝇携带病原巴尔通体的感染情况,作者于2019年1-9月采集了西藏林芝、日喀则、那曲地区绵羊体外寄生羊蜱蝇298只,通过形态学鉴定、PCR扩增羊蜱蝇18S rRNA基因进行虫体鉴定,并对病原巴尔通体的gltA基因进行检测,将部分阳性PCR产物连接pMDTM-18T后转入DH5α感受态细胞,将阳性结果进行测序并进行遗传进化分析。结果显示,雌性阳性率49.8%(113/227),雄性阳性率42.3%(30/71),雌雄之间差异不显著(χ2=0.944,P=0.267);羊蜱蝇携带病原巴尔通体的总感染率为48.0%(143/298),林芝极显著高于日喀则、那曲地区(χ2=13.801,P < 0.01;χ2=17.067,P < 0.01),日喀则和那曲地区无显著差异(χ2=0.084,P=0.771);散养模式羊蜱蝇携带阳性率44.3%(102/230),圈养阳性率85.0%(34/40),屠宰场阳性率23.3%(7/30),宿主散养和圈养、屠宰场存在极显著差异(χ2=20.929,P < 0.01;χ2=24.38,P < 0.01),宿主散养和屠宰场存在显著差异(χ2=3.989,P=0.046);将测序结果上传GenBank数据库获得3个巴尔通体gltA基因登录号(MN623006、MN623007、MN623008);序列比对表明和云南、新疆巴尔通体相似性为99.6%~100%。本次研究首次检测出西藏羊蜱蝇携带病原巴尔通体,为了解西藏绵羊体外寄生虫携带病原巴尔通体和病原防控提供依据。
关键词西藏    羊蜱蝇    巴尔通体    gltA基因    基因进化分析    
Detection of Bartonella and Sequence Analysis of gltA Gene in Tibetan Melophagus ovinus
ZHOU Saisai1, XIE Taifeng2, QIAN Wenxian1,3, WANG Yifei1, LI Tianjiao1, ZHU Jiaping1, LUO Runbo1, GONG Ga1, GESANG Zhuoma4, SUOLANG Sizhu1     
1. Department of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi 860000, China;
2. College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
3. Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
4. Animal Epidemic Prevention and Control Center of Tibet Autonomous region, Lasa 850000, China
Abstract: This study aimed to clarify the infection of the pathogenic Bartonella in the ectoparasite Melophagus ovinus in sheep in parts of Tibet. From January to September 2019, 298 sheep parasites in Linzhi, Xigaze and Naqu were collected. The morphological identification and PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA gene of the Melophagus ovinus were used to identify the body and the pathogen gltA gane of Bartonella was detected, pMDTM-18T was connected to some positive PCR products and transferred into DH5α competent cells. The positive results were sequenced and analyzed for genetic and evolutionary analysis. The results showed that the positive rate of female and male were 49.8% (113/227) and 42.3%(30/71), there was no significant difference between male and female(χ2=0.944, P=0.267). The total infection rate of the pathogen Bartonella was 48.0% (143/298). Positive rate of Linzhi was significantly higher than that of Xigaze and Naqu area(χ2=13.801, P < 0.01; χ2=17.067, P < 0.01), there was no significant difference between Xigaze and Naqu areas(χ2=0.084, P=0.771).The positive rate of Melophagus ovinus in free culture, captivity, and slaughterhouse were 44.3% (102/230), 85.0% (34/40) and 23.3% (7/30), respectively. There were significant differences between captive culture and free host culture (χ2=20.929, P < 0.01)or slaughterhouse (χ2=24.38, P < 0.01).There was significant differences between host free culture and slaughterhouse(χ2=3.989, P=0.046).The sequencing results were uploaded to GenBank database, and obtained three Bartonella gltA gene accession numbers, MN623006, MN623007 and MN623008. The sequence alignment showed that the homology of Bartonella in Yunnan and Xinjiang was 99.6%-100%. In this study, the pathogen Bartonella of Tibetan Melophagus ovinus was detected for the first time, which provided the basis for understanding the pathogen Bartonella carried by Tibetan sheep parasites in vitro and the prevention and control of the pathogen.
Key words: Tibet    Melophagus ovinus    Bartonella    gltA gene    gene evolution analysis    

羊蜱蝇(Melophagus ovinus)是节肢动物门蜱蝇属成员,全身刚毛、6足、无翅,是绵羊体外主要的寄生虫之一,不仅吸食绵羊血液,而且贮存病原、传播病原[1-2]。目前报道羊蜱蝇携带有巴尔通体(Bartonella)[3-5]、立克次体(Rickettsia)[4, 6]、登革热病毒(Dengue virus)[7]、包柔螺旋体(Borrelia)[8-9]、绵羊无浆体(Anaplasma ovis)[10-11]、蓝舌病毒(bluetongue virus)[12]等病原体。

目前西藏地区仅有Chu等[9]2011年在西藏羊蜱蝇中检测到Borrelia,从此再无其他病原体的相关报道。Bartonella是短小革兰阴性菌,通过节肢动物门的羊蜱蝇[3-5]、蜱[13]、跳蚤[14]等吸血昆虫传播,寄生在脊椎动物红细胞内的一种导致人兽共患的病原体,Bartonella在鼠[15]、猫[16]、犬[17]、牛[18]、猕猴[19]、人[20-21]等中均有报道。Bartonella被认为是新发现的重要人兽共患病原体。西藏地区因地处高原,藏民多以放牧为生,绵羊则是主要经济收入来源之一;高原绵羊大多放养,牧民驱虫意识淡薄,极易通过中间宿主感染人。

因对西藏羊蜱蝇携带该病原体研究较少,本研究将对西藏三地市羊蜱蝇感染Bartonella进行检测,为了解该地区羊蜱蝇携带巴尔通体和该病原的遗传进化提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 虫体采集

羊蜱蝇虫体(图 1),2019年1—9月分别采集于西藏三个地区:林芝地区98只(东经94.25°,北纬29.59°,海拔2 995 m)、日喀则地区100只(东经88.22°,北纬29.28°,海拔4 020 m)、那曲地区100只(东经29.10°,北纬31.47°,海拔4 505 m),虫体置于99.7%的无水乙醇中,在-80 ℃冰箱冷冻保存。

图 1 羊蜱蝇背侧 Fig. 1 Dorsal side of Melophagus ovinus
1.2 试剂材料

北京亿森宝生物公司动物组织DNA提取试剂盒(离心柱法)、PCR试剂盒Premix TaqTM(TaKaRa TaqTM Version 2.0)(CodeNo.R004A)购自大连宝生物有限公司;羊蜱蝇阳性对照和巴尔通体阳性对照,分别由西藏农牧学院寄生虫实验室和兽医传染病实验室保存;羊蜱蝇18S rRNA鉴定引物参照GenBank中已登录的羊蜱蝇18S rRNA序列进行设计,预期片段大小为619 bp、Bartonella gltA基因引物[22]由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成,-20 ℃保存。引物相关信息见表 1

表 1 引物序列信息 Table 1 Primer sequences information
1.3 核酸提取及PCR扩增

将-80 ℃保存的样品,清洗、剪碎,利用北京亿森宝生物公司动物组织DNA提取试剂盒(离心柱法)提取DNA,-80 ℃保存。羊蜱蝇和Bartonella鉴定引物总体系均为50 μL,反应体系:模板1 μL(20 ng),上、下游引物各1 μL(10 μmol·L-1),ddH2O 22 μL,Premix Taq 25 μL;羊蜱蝇18S rRNA基因反应程序:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,54 ℃退火40 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,35个循环;72 ℃延伸5 min,4 ℃保存;Bartonella gltA基因反应程序:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,35个循环;72 ℃延伸5 min,4 ℃保存;取3 μL PCR产物,在1%琼脂糖120 V电泳30 min,于紫外和凝胶成像仪上观察并拍照。

1.4 阳性克隆及测序

从三地区阳性产物中随机各选取1个进行胶回收,连接到pMDTM-18T质粒上,再转化至DH5α感受态细胞,将三份挑取的阳性菌液送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序。

1.5 数据统计分析及序列分析

将测序结果应用DNAStar进行拼接,并上传至GenBank获得登录号,参考NCBI中来自不同宿主的11个Bartonella gltA基因序列和2个外群沃尔巴克体(Wolbachia)基因作为对照基因,利用MegAlign和MEGA7.0软件进行基因序列分析;利用SPSS 19对不同因素影响Bartonella gltA基因进行阳性率统计分析,取连续校正卡方(χ2)值。

2 结果 2.1 PCR扩增

羊蜱蝇18S rRNA基因鉴定如图 2,测序序列在NCBI上Blast结果与英国2010年提交的序列(FN66411.1)相似性高达100%,上传GenBank获得登录号为MK733217。

M. 2000 DNA相对分子质量标准;1.阳性对照;2.阴性对照;3~5.羊蜱蝇样品 M. Marker 2000;1. Positive control; 2. Negative control; 3-5. Melophagus ovinus sample 图 2 羊蜱蝇18S rRNA基因电泳 Fig. 2 Electrophoresis of 18S rRNA gene in Melophagus ovinus

Bartonella gltA基因扩增结果如图 3,将三地区的三份阳性质粒测序结果上传GenBank获得登录号为MN623006、MN623007、MN623008,并分别命名为XZL1(西藏林芝)、XZD1(西藏那曲)、XZQ1(西藏日喀则),将序列在NCBI上进行Blast比对并进行同源性分析,结果表明三个序列均与美国(AY724768.1)和新疆(MG701233.1)羊蜱蝇中发现的Bartonella melophagigltA基因相似度高,均为99.2%~100%。

M. 2000 DNA相对分子质量标准;1.阳性对照;7.阴性对照;2~6.羊蜱蝇DNA样品 M. Marker 2000;1. Positive control; 7. Negative control; 2-6.DNA sample of Melophagus ovinus 图 3 Bartonella gltA基因电泳 Fig. 3 Bartonella gltA gene electrophoresis map
2.2 不同区域羊蜱蝇巴尔通体携带情况

本次调查绵羊体外寄生虫羊蜱蝇包括了西藏的林芝、日喀则、那曲(表 2)。其中林芝的感染率较高,为67.3%;日喀则次之,感染率为40.0%;那曲感染率较低,为37.0%;经过χ2检验,林芝和日喀则、那曲地区相比,林芝地区蜱蝇携带Bartonella极显著高于其他两个地区(χ2=13.801,P < 0.01;χ2=17.067,P < 0.01);日喀则和那曲地区羊蜱蝇携带Bartonella无显著差异(χ2=0.084,P=0.771>0.05)。

表 2 不同区域羊蜱蝇携带巴尔通体情况 Table 2 The situation of Bartonella carried by Melophagus ovinus in different areas
2.3 不同性别羊蜱蝇巴尔通体感染情况

对不同性别的羊蜱蝇可能的影响进行了检测分析,共检测了雄性羊蜱蝇71只,雌性羊蜱蝇227只,阳性数分别为30和113只,感染率分别为42.3%和49.8%;雌、雄阳性占总量比例如图 4,雌、雄羊蜱蝇间的感染率,通过χ2检验(χ2=0.944,P=0.267> 0.05),表明雌、雄羊蜱蝇间的携带Bartonella无显著差异。

图 4 不同性别羊蜱蝇携带巴尔通体情况 Fig. 4 The carrying of Bartonella in Melophagus ovinus of different genders
2.4 宿主生活条件差异的检测

通过对绵羊生存条件的差异对Bartonella gltA基因检测结果如表 3;检测了散养绵羊体表羊蜱蝇230只,圈养绵羊体表羊蜱蝇40只,屠宰场绵羊体表羊蜱蝇30只,其阳性率分别为44.3%、85.0%、25.0%;经χ2检验宿主散养和圈养、屠宰场两种条件(χ2=20.929,P < 0.01)、(χ2=3.989,P=0.046 < 0.05),宿主散养和圈养存在极显著差异,宿主散养和屠宰存在显著差异;圈养和屠宰场(χ2=24.38,P < 0.01)存在极显著差异。

表 3 宿主生存条件差异羊蜱蝇携带巴尔通体情况 Table 3 Bartonella carried by Melophagus ovinus under different living conditions of host
2.5 序列比对及分析

经过MegAlign和MEGA7.0软件分析显示,西藏羊蜱蝇中检测出的Bartonella和云南鼠中检测的(FJ589056)、新疆羊蜱蝇中检测的(MG701233)参考序列相似性最高,达99.6%~100%;从进化树分析(图 5),西藏羊蜱蝇检测的Bartonella和其他地区检测的Bartonella属于同一大的分支,与外群参考菌Wolbachia同源性和进化树上均表明差异较大,属于不同菌种,与美国、中国新疆羊蜱蝇中检测到的Bartonella melophagi属于同一分支,并且同源性较高,可鉴定本次西藏检测出的BartonellaBartonella melophagi

图 5 Bartonella gltA基因系统进化树 Fig. 5 Bartonella gltA gene phylogenetic tree
3 讨论

羊蜱蝇在我国的西藏、新疆、内蒙古、甘肃等多个地区和检疫口岸均有发现,严重影响我国绵羊产业的发展;虽然没有该寄生虫叮咬人的报道,但其携带的多种病原有潜在影响人类健康的风险。经过前人的不断探索,已经在不同地区的该寄生虫体内发现了多种人畜共患病原体和共生菌。Bartonella可导致发烧、多发性盆腔骨髓炎、心内膜炎、猫抓病等[23-26]多种继发感染人类疾病,本次通过PCR首次检测到西藏三个地区羊蜱蝇携带Bartonella的情况。

此次从海拔2 995~4 050 m均采集到了羊蜱蝇,并且均检测到了Bartonella的存在,通过统计学分析,该地区海拔的差异直接或间接影响了羊蜱蝇携带Bartonella的阳性率;林芝是此次检测地区中海拔最低、湿度最高的地区,与另外两地相比总体阳性率略高,并且存在着显著性差异,对于青藏高原更高海拔是否存在羊蜱蝇,羊蜱蝇是否携带Bartonella还需进一步研究。本研究没有检测相对应的绵羊血液是否携带Bartonella病原体,但Raya等[27]、Kosoy等[28]已经报道在反刍动物绵羊和牛的血液或者拭子中检测出了Bartonella;目前还未报道Bartonella会使绵羊有不适现象,但Erol等[29]报道显示Bartonella bovis与牛心内膜炎有关,是否与绵羊心内膜炎有关还有待研究。此次采集的10只西藏绵羊体表的微小扇头蜱中均检测到了Bartonella的存在,蜱虫容易叮咬人,唐天才等、肖方震等、杜春红等[15, 30-32]已经从四川、云南、福建地区的蜱虫或鼠类中检测到了Bartonella的存在,平均阳性率在1.9%~30.0%,并且四川地区青海血蜱和西藏革蜱中的携带率分别为79.1%、69.2%,鼠和蜱均是多种病原体的携带者,这无疑给该地区预防和消灭该寄生虫敲响了警钟。2018年Liu等[4]首次检测了新疆南疆绵羊体外寄生虫羊蜱蝇携带Bartonella情况,并且所检测的阳性率为100%,表明了羊蜱蝇和Bartonella存在共生现象,高于本次检测西藏的阳性率;西藏与新疆南疆相邻,两地绵羊运输交流频繁,极易相互感染寄生虫。此外,本次检测的西藏三地区Bartonella gltA基因与新疆南疆羊蜱蝇中检测的Bartonella gltA(MG701233.1)和云南野生狍血中检测的Bartonella gltA基因(AJ278183.1)相似度极高,从进化树上分析该地区和其他两地属于同一小分支,由此不可排除在西藏、云南、新疆该病原有互相传播的可能,该病原通过寄生虫间接传播还是通过绵羊运输传播,该地区农牧民是否也携带该病原,还需要进一步深入研究。

4 结论

通过分子生物学方法首次检测到西藏三地区羊蜱蝇携带Bartonella平均阳性率为48.0%;利用统计学方法分析发现不同区域和宿主生存条件对Bartonella阳性率有影响;从分子角度阐述了该地区羊蜱蝇中Bartonella gltA基因与美国和中国新疆的Bartonella gltA基因进化亲缘关系较近,鉴定种为Bartonella melophagi;对了解该地区羊蜱蝇中携带Bartonella病原和羊蜱蝇的预防具有指导意义。

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