畜牧兽医学报  2019, Vol. 50 Issue (7): 1405-1411. DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2019.07.009    PDF    
返情母牛活动量影响因素分析
刘江静1,2, 陈晓丽2, 田宏志1,2, 路永强3, 王栋2     
1. 吉林农业大学动物科学技术学院, 长春 130118;
2. 中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所, 北京 100193;
3. 北京市畜牧总站, 北京 100107
摘要:旨在探究季节、胎次及返情时间对配种母牛活动量的影响,提高计步器对返情牛的检出率。本研究使用计步器监测了214头配种经产母牛的活动量变化及返情情况,并通过直肠检查对返情牛进行确认,对返情牛返情前、返情期活动量进行统计分析。统计分析发现,母牛配种后第一、二、三及四情期返情比例分别为48.7%、29.9%、16.2%、5.1%;配种母牛返情前、返情期活动量均随胎次增加、返情时间后移整体呈下降趋势,返情期持续时间也随妊娠期延长而逐渐降低,且返情期活动量在夏季显著降低(P < 0.05)。配种后第一、二情期是母牛养殖的重点,除综合考虑胎次、返情时间及季节等因素对活动量的影响外,阈值设定时还应特别注意返情期持续时间,以便科学地利用活动量参数进行母牛返情自动监测。
关键词奶牛    返情    活动量    计步器    
Analysis on the Influencing Factors on Activity of Returning Estrous Cows
LIU Jiangjing1,2, CHEN Xiaoli2, TIAN Hongzhi1,2, LU Yongqiang3, WANG Dong2     
1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
2. Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
3. Animal Husbandry Station of Beijing, Beijing 100107, China
Abstract: In order to improve the detection rate of returning estrous cows via pedometer, the effects of season, parity and time of returning estrus on activity of breeding cows were investigated. The returning estrus situation and activity change of 214 multiparous cows after artificial insemination were monitored by using pedometer, and the returning estrous cows were confirmed by rectal examination. Afterwards, the activity before and during returning estrus of returning estrous cows were statistically analyzed. Statistical analysis result showed that the proportion of returning estrous cows in the first, second, third and fourth estrous cycle after artificial insemination was 48.7%, 29.9%, 16.2%, 5.1%, respectively. The activity before and during returning estrus showed a downtrend with the increase of parity and time of returning estrus as a whole. Simultaneously, the duration of returning estrus also gradually decreased with the prolongation of pregnancy, and the activity of cows during returning estrus was significantly decreased in summer (P < 0.05). Cow's reproduction should be paid more attention during the first and second estrous cycle after artificial insemination. In addition to parity, seasons and time of returning estrus must be considered comprehensively, the duration of returning estrus should also be paid special attention when the threshold is set, so that the automatic monitoring of returning estrous cows can be carried out scientifically by using activity parameter.
Key words: cows     returning estrus     activity     pedometer    

母牛每错过一次发情配种,会使产犊间隔延长约18~24 d,并降低其终身产奶量[1]。因此,发情检测和适时配种是重要的母牛繁殖管理内容[2]。然而,配种母牛也会受奶牛体况[3]、输精时间[4]、胎次[5]和环境[6]等因素影响,表现出与发情相类似的行为(如追逐、爬跨和阴道黏液流出等现象)[7],即返情。研究发现,配种牛返情受环境因素影响较大,尤其是当环境温度高于20 ℃时,其返情率(58.9%)显著高于20 ℃以下环境温度下的返情率(43.1%,P < 0.05),表明随环境温度升高,配种牛更易出现返情现象[8]。配种奶牛返情将导致妊娠率降低,影响奶牛生产性能,进而影响牧场经济效益[9-10],因此,及时检出返情牛并配种,尽量减少母牛返情损失,是确保奶牛高效繁殖和终生高产奶量的重要措施[11]

奶牛活动量是指对奶牛日常采食、躺卧、反刍、运动等全部行为活动的计量[12],基于传感器原理[13-14]研发的计步器,已在很多牛场用于奶牛活动量监测[15-16],以监测发情和配种母牛返情。目前已有关于季节[17-18]、胎次[19-20]和泌乳天数[21-22]等对奶牛发情影响的报道,但尚未见有关季节、胎次和配后天数等影响配种牛返情的研究报道。因此,本研究分析了房山区某荷斯坦奶牛场配后母牛活动量监测数据和返情监测结果,探究影响奶牛返情、返情前活动量及返情期活动量的因素,以期为促进奶牛养殖实现精细化管理提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 动物及饲养

2017年9月18日至2018年10月22日间,在房山区某荷斯坦奶牛场,选择体况评分在3.25~3.75间的214头配种经产母牛(1胎、2胎和3胎及以上奶牛分别为68、91和55头)进行了活动量和返情结果监测,该场所有母牛均散栏饲养,每天6:00、13:00和19:00 3次饲喂TMR日粮,每次挤奶结束后,颈夹固定采食30 min后自由采食,全群自由饮水。

1.2 数据采集及奶牛返情确认

采用的奶牛自动化发情检测系统是基于活动量变化设计研发的专利产品(专利号:CN20152010948-9.6)[22],包括检测终端(计步器)、采集器及上位机3部分,计步器绑定于奶牛脚踝处,采集器安装在牛棚下,上位机系统安装在数据处理室。若奶牛连续至少5个时间点活动量均高于前11 d同一时间点活动量平均值2.5倍以上,即预警该牛返情,当软件系统发出返情预警信息后,配种员对该预警牛只进行直检确认,若存在排卵前卵泡(直径大于10 mm),且无黄体存在[20],则认定该牛返情。

1.3 数据分析

本研究对117头返情牛活动量数据进行了统计分析。使用Excel统计返情前活动量(活动量监测系统每半小时累计1次活动量,将发情当天前11 d活动量数据作为间情期数据参考依据预测发情,类似地,将返情前11 d同一时间点的活动量平均值作为返情前活动量参考值,单位为活动量/半小时)、返情期活动量(返情后各时间点活动量的平均值,也为活动量/半小时)数据,以及返情活动量升高倍数及持续时间数据。利用SPSS 19.0软件的单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance, One Way ANOVA)方法分析季节、胎次及返情时间(因奶牛发情周期平均为21 d,所以,自配种后每21 d为一个周期,连续监测4个周期,若奶牛在配种后21 d内返情,则记为第一情期返情,以此类推)对返情前、返情期活动量及返情期活动量升高倍数和持续时间的影响,结果表示为“平均值±标准差”。

2 结果 2.1 季节、胎次及返情时间对返情母牛返情前活动量的影响

图 1显示,季节对返情牛返情前活动量无显著影响(P>0.05),1胎母牛返情前活动量与2胎、3胎及以上母牛返情前活动量无显著差异,但2胎母牛返情前活动量显著高于3胎及以上母牛(P < 0.05)。此外,随返情时间向后推移,返情牛返情前活动量整体呈下降趋势,且配后第一情期返情牛返情前活动量高于配后第二、四情期返情前活动量(P < 0.05),但第二、三和四情期返情牛返情前活动量间无显著差异(P>0.05)。

A.季节(春季28头、夏季52头、秋季24头、冬季13头)对返情牛返情前活动量的影响;B.胎次(1胎、2胎、3胎及以上分别为47、41和29头)对返情牛返情前活动量的影响;C.返情时间(配后第一、第二、第三及第四情期返情母牛分别为57、35、19和6头)对返情牛返情前活动量的影响。不同字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05) Effects of seasons (A: 28 in spring, 52 in summer, 24 in autumn and 13 in winter), parity (B: 47 in parity 1, 41 in parity 2 and 29 in parity 3+)and time of returning estrus (C: The number of returning estrous cows in first, second, third and fourth estrous cycle after artificial insemination are 57, 35, 19 and 6, respectively) on activity of returning estrous cows before returning estrus. The different letters indicate significant difference(P < 0.05) 图 1 季节、胎次及返情时间对返情母牛返情前活动量的影响 Fig. 1 Effects of seasons, parity and time of returning estrus on activity of returning estrous cows before returning estrus
2.2 季节、胎次及返情时间对返情母牛返情期活动量的影响 2.2.1 返情时间对返情母牛返情期活动量的影响

表 1显示,随返情时间向后推移,母牛返情期活动量增加显著减少,活动量持续增加时间也逐渐降低,且配后第一、二、三和四情期返情牛占比分别为48.7%(57/117)、29.9%(35/117)、16.2%(19/117)、5.1%(6/117),表明配后第一、二情期奶牛更容易出现返情。配种后第一情期返情牛的返情期活动量(1 733.1±535.5)显著高于配后第二、三和四情期返情期活动量(1 263.9±555.4、1 058.5±393.2、591.8±248.2,P < 0.05),且配后第二情期返情活动量显著高于配后第四情期(P < 0.05)。同时,各情期返情活动量升高倍数也表现相同规律。此外,配后第一情期返情持续时间(4.3±1.7)也显著高于配后第二、三和四情期返情持续时间(3.5±1.2、2.9±0.6、2.8±0.4,P < 0.05),并整体呈下降趋势,但后续各情期差异不显著。

表 1 返情时间对母牛返情期活动量的影响 Table 1 Effects of returning estrus time on activity during returning estrus of cows
2.2.2 胎次对返情母牛返情期活动量的影响

表 2显示,一胎牛(1 551.5±597.1)和二胎牛(1 485.0±683.0)返情期活动量显著高于三胎及以上牛(1 133.6±477.2,P < 0.05),虽然一胎牛和二胎牛间无显著差异(P>0.05),但随胎次增加,活动量整体呈逐渐降低趋势。同时,随胎次增加,返情期活动量升高倍数也呈逐渐降低趋势,且一胎牛返情期活动量升高倍数(7.1±3.1)显著高于二胎牛(5.7±1.9)和三胎及以上牛(5.2±1.9,P < 0.05)。此外,返情期持续时间在一胎、二胎和三胎牛间无显著差异(P>0.05),但整体呈逐渐下降趋势。

表 2 胎次对母牛返情期活动量影响 Table 2 Effects of parity on activity during returning estrus of cows
2.2.3 季节对返情母牛返情期活动量的影响

参照其他研究[22-23],定义3~5月为春季、6~8月为夏季、9~11月秋季、12月至次年2月为冬季。表 3显示,秋季返情期活动量、活动量升高倍数均显著高于夏季(P < 0.05),虽然夏季返情期活动量、返情期活动量升高倍数与春、冬季无显著差异(P>0.05),但要低于春冬两季,表明夏季高温抑制了返情母牛的活动量增加,而随着秋季的到来,返情母牛活动量逐渐增加。此外,返情期持续时间在春、夏、秋、冬4个季节间无显著差异(P>0.05),但是秋季要高于其他3个季节。

表 3 季节对母牛返情期活动量影响 Table 3 Effects of seasons on activity during returning estrus of cows
3 讨论

返情是奶牛配种后再次发情的一种现象,具有明显的行为特征,即类似于发情期爬跨、追逐等发情行为,也呈现一定的活动量增加特征,并持续一定时间,阴道也表现红肿,并有黏液流出[24]。这成为奶牛智能化、机械化、自动化发情、返情检测方法的研发基础[25]。目前,很多研究进行了季节、胎次和发情方式等因素对产后未配牛活动量影响的探索[21, 26],但关于奶牛返情相关的研究还比较少,而且这些报道主要探究了发情处理方式[27]、热应激[6, 28]及输精部位[29]等因素对牛返情的影响。同时,已有大量文献报道了发情牛活动量变化,但并未有返情牛活动量变化规律的相关报道,不利于奶牛配种后的自动化监测。

首先,本试验对奶牛返情前活动量的研究发现,季节对母牛返情前活动量的影响与Sakatani等[30]报道的变化规律相似,但活动量数据存在一定差异,牛品种或计步器计量方法的不同可能是导致这一差异的原因;同时,本研究发现,配后奶牛返情前活动量随胎次的变化规律与López-Gatius等[19]和胡仁超[21]报道的发情牛随胎次的变化规律整体趋势相同。整体表明,季节、胎次对返情牛和发情牛影响相似。此外,本研究还发现,配后母牛返情前活动量随妊娠期延长逐渐下降,表明随妊娠时间的延长,奶牛会减少相应的日常活动以维持胎儿正常发育。

其次,本试验对返情期活动量的研究发现,各胎次返情牛返情期活动量均高于孙保贵等[31]的报道,而返情期活动量升高倍数及持续时间均低于李蓝祁等[22]报道的母牛发情期活动量变化及发情持续时间,表明配种牛返情行为与发情牛存在一定差异,可能是配种后孕酮浓度升高减弱了发情行为[32]。此外,本研究表明,夏季的炎热环境抑制了返情牛的返情行为,导致返情期活动量、活动量升高倍数低于其他季节,同时,季节对返情期活动量、活动量升高倍数和持续时间均与Sakatani等[26]和Sakatani等[30]关于发情牛的报道有较大差异,可能是本研究采用的荷斯坦奶牛不同于日本黑牛,并且与其试验气候也有较大差异。再者,随妊娠时间的延长,返情期活动量、活动量升高倍数和返情持续时间整体呈下降趋势,尤以配后第四情期最为突出,可能是随着妊娠期的推移,奶牛返情行为受到了抑制。整体而言,季节和胎次对返情牛和发情牛的影响存在较大差异,而且返情期活动量变化随着妊娠时间的推移呈下降趋势,所以,使用活动量监测系统进行返情监测时,也应综合考虑这些因素的影响。

最后,本研究也表明,随着妊娠时间的后移,母牛返情比例逐渐减少,并且到配后第四情期,母牛妊娠基本稳定。这表明,着床前胚胎生命较为脆弱,并易于受到子宫环境及母体外部环境影响,但随着其逐渐着床,其抵御外部环境不良影响的能力不断增加。这一规律提示,在配后初期,一定要精心饲养管理,为受胎母牛赢得良好的受孕环境[33]。但是,本研究中配种牛返情率偏高,达到了54.67%(117/214),尤其是配后第一、二情期母牛返情较多,除了配种员配种时机可能把握不准、饲养管理不当及母牛繁殖障碍疾病等因素外[34],还与管理人员变动有关,分析中笔者了解到,近一年该奶牛场繁育和饲养人员流动较大,严重影响了该奶牛场的繁殖管理工作。同时,本研究显示,夏季存在更多返情现象,可能是高产奶牛代谢率增加及体温调节能力下降,热应激对奶牛繁殖产生了更大影响[35]。因此,应加强夏季饲养管理、适时配种,并积极进行产后母牛保健,对有子宫疾病的母牛进行积极治愈,提高受胎率,减少母牛返情现象[36]。此外,本研究只是从行为方面分析了配后奶牛返情原因,而奶牛妊娠影响因素尚需深入研究。

4 结论

季节、胎次及返情时间对配种牛返情期活动量有较大影响,而且返情期持续时间均较低,若应用计步器对配种奶牛进行返情监测,应科学进行返情监测阈值设定。另外,母牛配后第一、二情期应作为妊娠监控的重点,并加强母牛妊娠机制研究,从源头确保配种母牛受胎效果。

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