2. 贵州师范大学 国际旅游文化学院, 贵阳 550025;
3. 江苏省地理信息资源开发与利用协同创新中心, 南京 210023;
4. 安徽师范大学 地理与旅游学院, 芜湖 241002
2. School of International Tourism & Culture, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China;
3. Jiangsu Center for Collaborative In- novation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China;
4. School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
自2020年3月被宣布为全球大流行疾病(global pandemic)以来,新冠肺炎(COVID-19)在全球传播已经超过24个月。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)统计数据显示,截至2022年3月25日,全球新冠肺炎确诊病例总数超过4.76亿人,死亡总数达到610.90万人。伴随着“排浪式(wave to wave)”的演进特征,新冠肺炎对人类社会经济系统造成持续影响。旅游业是受新冠肺炎负面影响最显著的产业之一,不仅在疫情初期全面关停,被迫“归零”,在疫情波动期间,也难以完全恢复[1, 2]。另外,新冠肺炎大流行还引发了对旅游业以往发展方式的反思和担忧,疫后全球旅游业将面临重构与转型的发展困境[3-5]。
新冠肺炎引发的系列问题,推动了全球知识生产运动,相关论文呈“井喷式”增长,截至2021年10月,Web of Science数据库中以COVID-19为主题的论文数量达到24.86万篇。在旅游研究领域,尽管有学者呼吁对待“COVID-19与旅游”的研究需要更加谨慎[6, 7]。但随着新冠肺炎在全球范围内持续传播,“COVID-19与旅游”研究在国际学术界不断升温,国际旅游旗舰刊物Annals of Tourism Research、Tourism Management和Journal of Travel Research等都刊发了大量相关的研究论文[8-11]。究其原因,一方面,新冠肺炎持续传播对旅游业造成空前影响,在理论和实践中都产生了大量空白。另一方面,通过对“COVID-19与旅游”的研究,还在旅游公共卫生安全、目的地风险管理、区域旅游可持续发展等领域产生了新的知识贡献。
中国是较早爆发新冠肺炎的国家,由于采取了严格的旅行禁令等措施,新冠肺炎疫情得到了较好控制,因此,针对“COVID-19与旅游”的中文论文较少。但是,新冠肺炎仍对中国旅游业造成巨大冲击。并且,在全球化背景下,新冠肺炎造成的影响,还将通过资本、技术、信息、旅游者等多种途径传递至全球,旅游业的未来仍面临着极大不确定性。因此,有必要对当前国际学术界“COVID-19与旅游”的研究内容进行介绍。开展这项研究的意义,一是,及时回顾当前全球范围内“COVID-19与旅游”的研究进展,并在一定程度上弥补国内外研究的信息偏差。二是,重新审视当前研究所形成的知识贡献,并对未来研究方向和内容进行展望。
2 数据来源与高被引文献 2.1 数据来源研究数据来源于Web of Science数据库。分别以COVID-19、SARS-CoV-2、Novel coronavirus pneumonia为第一主题词,以tourism、tourist为第二主题词进行检索,检索时间截至2021年10月28日。选取article、early access、review和proceedings paper等四种类型的文献作为研究对象,letter等其他类型文献不在本次研究范围内。将检索完成的文献导入Endnote软件,剔除重复和无效文献后,最终得到有效文献1435篇。
“COVID-19与旅游”相关研究的文献来源较为集中,发文量排名前15位的期刊,发文总量约占全部论文的38.26%(表 1)。其中,Sustainability、Current Issues in Tourism分别发文132篇和94篇,是当前发文量最多的期刊。主要原因,一是受到期刊主题和偏好的影响,如:Current Issues in Tourism组织了COVID-19 and Tourism专题,刊发了大量相关的研究论文。二是,Sustainability等开放获取(open access)期刊在审稿和刊发速度方面的优势,使其在应对新冠肺炎等突发事件时,成为研究者论文发表的重要选择。其他刊文量较高的期刊,包含了Tourism Geographies、Annals of Tourism Research、Journal of Travel Research、Tourism Management等具有重要影响力的学术刊物,表明“COVID-19与旅游”研究在国际学术界已经受到较高关注。
引用率反映了一篇论文的受认可度,高被引论文在学科内具有重要引领作用,反映了当前关注度较高的研究方向。“COVID-19与旅游”相关论文主要发表于2020年5月之后,尽管发表至今不足2年,但部分论文已经获得较高的引用量。其中,引用量排名前10位的论文(表 2),平均被引频次为323.7次,单篇最高被引频次达到1125次。从高被引文献的来源期刊来看,除了Science、PNAS等综合性国际权威期刊以外,其余文献主要集中在旅游和商业管理类期刊中。其中,Tourism Geographies和Journal of Business Research分别在2020年组织了Visions of Travel and Tourism after the Global COVID-19 Transformation of 2020和COVID- 19 Impact on Business and Research专刊[5, 12-14],相关论文在旅游地理和旅游管理等研究领域产生了较大影响。高被引文献的研究内容存在显著差别,其中Science、PNAS等期刊主要关注了旅行活动与新冠肺炎传播之间的关系,以及实施旅行禁令对限制新冠肺炎传播的作用[15, 16],其聚焦的话题主要是流行疾病的传播与治理。而旅游和商业管理期刊,则更多关注新冠肺炎对区域旅游的影响,以及区域旅游的响应与恢复过程[14, 17],也有一些学者对当前旅游业的发展模式进行了反思,并对疫后旅游业的转型发展进行了预测和展望[5, 18]。根据国际旅游学界研究的主流趋势,本文主要聚焦于新冠肺炎对旅游业的影响及其疫后转型发展。
旅游者对于危机事件极为敏感,受新冠肺炎的影响最为显著。新冠肺炎在全球范围内快速传播,一系列旅行禁令的实施,数字新闻和社交媒体的大量报道,都在短期之内加剧了旅游者的风险感知[19, 20]。尽管受职业、居住地、受教育程度等影响,旅游者风险感知存在一定差异[21]。但几乎所有研究均表明,旅游者在新冠肺炎期间的风险感知呈显著的上升趋势[9, 19]。风险感知上升导致旅游者出行意愿降低[22],尤其是在新冠疫情爆发初期,旅游者焦虑、恐惧、厌恶的情绪大幅增长,短期内的旅行活动大量取消[20],对区域旅游业产生强烈冲击。
风险感知变化被认为是新冠肺炎对旅游者造成的最直接影响,同时,风险感知变化也影响了旅游者的动机、决策和旅游行为[23]。为论证旅游者风险感知与旅游意愿、旅游行为等之间的关系,计划行为理论(theory of planned behaviour)[22, 24]、感知风险理论(perceived risk theory)[25]、保护动机理论(protection motivation theory)[8, 26]、解释水平理论(construal level theory)[27, 28]、社会认同理论(social identity theory)[23, 29]、健康信念模型(health belief model)[24]等大量理论模型被用于研究之中,证明了感知风险变化对旅游者动机和行为的作用机制。研究表明,新冠肺炎导致旅游者感知风险显著上升,增加了旅游者的负面情绪,并导致其旅行意图下降[24, 30, 31],安全距离、心理距离、风险厌恶、拥挤等对疫后旅游者意愿和行为均具有显著影响[27, 32]。通过情感预测调控风险认知[9],通过风险管控降低旅行恐惧[8, 30],通过价格调控降低负面情绪[32],被认为是疫后促进区域旅游市场恢复的重要手段。
3.2 新冠肺炎对旅游者出游行为的影响新冠肺炎改变了旅游者在疫情期间的旅游行为和方式。首先,全球旅游者数量大幅降低,国际旅行受到严重影响,2020年全球国际旅游者约减少10—11亿人次,国际旅游收入约减少1.1—1.3万亿美元[33]。其次,由于世界各国对于国内旅行的管治措施存在差异,在美国、西班牙、韩国等国家,在新冠肺炎大流行期间,旅游者仍被允许在一定范围内流动[34-36]。这些国家的旅游者行为在新冠肺炎期间具有高度相似性,主要表现为对于周边旅游目的地的偏好增强[36, 37],在旅行过程中普遍缩短了行程[35],一日游等短途旅行的比例增长,在目的地选择中对生态、乡村、环保等类型旅游地的需求上升[34-36]。
不同于其他国家,中国大陆在新冠肺炎初期实行了严格的旅行禁令,国内疫情因此得到较好控制。从中国大陆的研究经验来看,疫情期间对消费行为的压制,将导致疫后旅游者消费需求的上升[38, 39],中国国内因此产生了疫后旅游者是否会产生“报复性”或“补偿性”旅行的争论[33]。但从当前研究经验来看,由于疫情的不稳定性导致旅游者风险感知依然较高[8],区域性管制措施对旅游市场恢复仍存在限制,因此,疫后旅游市场主要以逐步恢复为主[33, 39]。国内旅游市场规模较大,被认为是中国旅游业快速恢复的主要原因,但风险感知、地理距离、经济收入等仍对旅游者行为具有重要影响[8, 39]。与国际研究相似,中国的研究经验也普遍支持自助、健康、生态等旅行方式在疫情期间呈显著的增长趋势[17, 40]。
3.3 新冠肺炎对旅游目的地的影响新冠肺炎爆发以来,从全球、国家、地方等不同尺度开展的大量研究(图 1),均表明其对区域旅游发展造成了全面、持久的消极影响[41-43]。但是,由于新冠肺炎在全球范围内尚处于变化过程之中,现在还无法准确模拟其未来的演化趋势,因此其对旅游地的影响仍具有高度不确定性[42, 44, 45]。另外,世界各国新冠肺炎的发展情况各不相同,同时,由于认知差异造成的应对措施差异,也导致新冠肺炎对全球不同尺度、不同区域旅游地造成的影响具有显著差别[43, 46, 47]。
当前,全球学者在新冠肺炎对旅游地的影响研究中,形成了一些具有代表性观点,主要包括:①新冠肺炎对于旅游地的负面影响是全方位的,旅行禁令导致流动性被大幅削弱,全球几乎所有旅游地的经济收益均显著降低[1, 3, 41, 42]。②对国际旅游市场依赖程度越高的旅游地,受到的冲击越显著,疫后面临的不确定性更大[43];相反,国内旅游市场规模较大的旅游地在疫后更容易恢复[33, 39]。③旅游业规模越大、增长速度越快的地区,受到新冠肺炎的负面冲击越严重[48]。但是,这些地区对恢复和重建旅游业的积极性更高,愿意采取更加有效的恢复措施[2]。④过度依赖旅游业、经济结构较为单一的旅游地受冲击更大,其中,小岛型旅游地的经济系统极为脆弱,受到的负面影响最显著,且自身恢复力较差[46, 49]。⑤不同类型旅游地受到的冲击力,以及疫后的恢复力具有差异[33, 37]。其中,城市旅游地受到的冲击最强,疫后的恢复难度较大[43, 47],自然、生态、乡村、海滨等类型旅游地受到的影响相对较小,疫后的恢复难度也较小[35, 50]。⑥旅游地居民自身的脆弱性,导致其更易受到来自新冠肺炎的健康威胁[49, 51],并且其在疫情期间的话语权较低,在疫后旅游业的恢复过程中需要更加关注本地社区[18, 52]。⑦新冠肺炎在对目的地经济、社会造成严重负面影响的同时,也对目的地气候、环境、文化等短期内的恢复和治理,产生了一定的积极效应[44, 53]。
3.4 新冠肺炎对旅游企业的影响除了对旅游地的影响之外,新冠肺炎还对旅游企业产生了重要影响,这些影响涉及旅游业的各个方面[54],旅游交通、酒店餐饮和中小企业等受到的负面影响最显著[3, 55]。其中,新冠肺炎对酒店餐饮业的影响,是当前最具代表性,也最受研究者关注的话题[55, 56]。在新冠肺炎爆发之初,无论是传统的住宿餐饮业[57],还是新兴的共享住宿(Airbnb)、P2P住宿[58, 59]等,都受到严重冲击,酒店餐饮业整体表现出高度的脆弱性[54]。突出表现为:接待人数快速降低,经济收益大幅下滑,失业人数不断增多,财务补贴难以维持运营等[56, 57, 59]。同一时期,主题公园、邮轮、航空公司等与旅游业联系紧密的企业,也受到较为严重的冲击。随着疫情发展,酒店餐饮和中小企业又表现出良好的恢复力,相较于博物馆、历史名胜、邮轮等其他产业,其在重新开放之后更容易迎来反弹[54, 60]。但是,新冠肺炎已经从多业务和多渠道、产品设计和投资偏好、数字化和智能化转型、市场重组等方面对酒店业产生了永久性影响[56, 60]。
旅游业本质上是一种劳动密集型产业,新冠肺炎大流行还对旅游业的人力资源造成显著影响[61, 62]。大流行期间,旅游从业人员的失业风险上涨,收入普遍降低,感知风险提升,心理资本下降[63, 64]。疫情期间旅游人力资源的损失,对全球旅游业重启造成较大困难,当前已经有学者提出了提升企业社会责任、员工情绪管理、实施保护性健康行为等一些恢复策略[61, 64],但其实际效果仍有待观察。同时,大流行还增加了旅游、酒店、休闲等相关专业学生对于职业前景的担忧,可能会在未来对旅游人力资源造成长期的不利影响[30, 65]。
3.5 新冠肺炎疫后恢复重建与转型发展恢复和重建旅游业是政府、企业、学界共同关注的话题(图 1),尽管当前新冠肺炎尚未结束,但旅游业恢复与重建已经引发了大量讨论[1, 3, 5]。其中,旅游恢复力(resilience)是较早引起研究者关注的话题,不同学者针对不同地区的发展背景,提出疫后旅游业恢复力的概念模型[54, 66]。Sharma等在整合以往研究的基础上,提出了基于政府响应、技术创新、当地归属感以及消费者和员工信心等核心因素的全球旅游业恢复力框架[67]。除理论探讨之外,随着旅游业的重新开放,针对疫后旅游地恢复的研究逐渐增多[33, 68]。当前研究主要聚焦于疫后旅游业恢复路径[66],旅游目的地形象修复策略[69, 70],重新开放之后的支持和管理措施[71, 72],区域旅游市场恢复过程和对策[33],以及旅游者消费行为偏好变化等[35, 40]。另外,酒店业作为受冲击最严重的产业部门,成为疫后旅游业恢复过程中关注的焦点之一,研究表明,其已经表现出较强的恢复力[54, 73, 74]。
除了对旅游业重建过程、恢复对策的研究,还有学者从批判性视角对旅游业以往的增长模式提出质疑[3, 4, 75]。他们指出,全球旅游业在过去十余年间的高速增长过程中,已经表现出明显的路径依赖[75, 76],在旅游业重建过程中,传统的增长模式应被摒弃[3, 4, 75]。未来,只有通过创新,才能培育出旅游业发展的新路径,实现全球旅游的转型发展[75]。技术创新是未来旅游业发展的重点内容[77],新冠肺炎大流行期间,服务机器人(service robots)、人工智能(artificial intelligence)、人机交互(human-robot interactions)等多种智能服务技术被运用于机场、酒店、风景区内,消费者对于机器人提供服务的态度也更加积极[11, 78]。人形机器人(humanoid robots)、自动驾驶汽车(autonomous vehicles)、无人机(drones)等自动化技术的使用,降低了新冠肺炎的健康威胁,保障了服务人员的人身安全[78, 79]。人工智能和虚拟现实技术(virtual reality)成为重要的旅游替代产品[80],其在增强旅游者幸福感,提供心理安慰的同时,还将在未来为老年人、残障人士等提供全新的旅游体验[81]。但是,新技术的大量运用也引发了较大争议,支持者认为其在提升旅游体验、保护自然和文化资源、提升公民参与旅游发展决策机会等方面发挥了重要作用[78, 79],反对者则表达了对于技术主导、数据隐私泄露、就业机会剥夺等的担忧[78, 82]。
4 述评与展望 4.1 述评过去十余年间,在资本主义、现代主义、消费主义、新自由主义等思潮的引领下,全球旅游业高速增长,其在社会经济系统中的地位不断提升[4, 18, 83]。新冠肺炎大流行使旅游业的脆弱性充分暴露,永久增长的“美好神话”被打破,当前的增长模式受到质疑,以发展速度和经济效益为主导的发展思路遭到批评[3-5, 41]。更令人担忧的是,新冠肺炎不仅是一场突发的全球公共卫生事件,其可能会造成类似于气候变化一样的持续性危机,并对全球旅游业产生深远影响[3]。与此同时,新冠肺炎也创造了一次契机,它使人类能对以往的发展进行反思,进一步思考旅游业的未来[42, 84]。
从国际研究经验来看,新冠肺炎对旅游业的影响是全方位的。新冠肺炎对旅游者和旅游从业者的生命健康造成直接威胁,再由人传导至旅游地、旅游企业、旅游交通等,进而对整个旅游系统产生影响(图 1)。其中,对旅游者的影响主要集中在感知和行为两个方面[8, 26, 31, 85],现有研究通过运用各种理论模型,验证了新冠肺炎对旅游者风险感知与出游行为的影响过程和作用机制,揭示了特定情境下旅游者心理和行为的变化过程,对于疫后制定区域旅游市场的恢复和重建策略具有重要启示。新冠肺炎对旅游地与旅游企业的影响研究表明[46, 47, 57, 60],新冠肺炎对旅游地造成的影响,具有显著的时空差异,过度依赖国际市场、旅游规模较大、产业结构单一的旅游地,以及旅游交通、酒店餐饮和小型企业等,受到的负面影响更加显著。另外,新冠肺炎对于城市旅游的冲击,显著强于其对自然、生态、乡村等类型旅游地的冲击,将在短期之内造成旅游地空间结构的变化[33, 37, 66]。最后,新冠肺炎疫后恢复与重建研究[5, 50, 67],在旅游业发展理念和模式上进行了新探索,并围绕酒店餐饮业、本地和国内旅游市场等进行了实证研究,对区域旅游恢复过程中的经验进行了总结,还对疫后全球旅游的创新发展进行了探索性研究。
当前,旅游学界围绕“COVID-19对旅游业影响”开展的研究工作,分析了特殊情境下旅游业的发展情况,拓展了以往的研究理论和模型,形成了重要的知识贡献,对旅游学科的发展具有重要的理论价值。另外,当前研究较为全面的分析了公共卫生事件对旅游系统的作用机制,从理论和方法层面对疫后旅游业的恢复力和转型发展进行研究,对于疫后区域旅游的转型发展和恢复治理具有重要启示。而从中国国内对“新冠肺炎对旅游影响”的研究内容来看,一方面,高水平研究成果还相对较少,另一方面,相关研究仍主要集中在新冠肺炎对旅游者情绪、感知、行为等的影响上,尚未形成较系统的研究成果。这固然受到一些中国研究者将论文发表至国际期刊的影响,但也表明当前国际、国内研究内容的不对称。未来研究,有必要持续关注国际研究的特征和趋势,更需针对中国国内的发展实际继续拓展和深化当前的研究内容。
4.2 展望当前,全球正处于新冠肺炎持续传播与旅游业逐渐恢复的并行阶段,旅游业的未来仍面临着极大的不确定性。后续研究,不仅需要持续关注新冠肺炎对旅游业的影响过程和作用机理,还应从更加全面的视角,对后疫情时代旅游业的转型发展和恢复重建进行设计。基于此,本研究从“目标优化—要素调整—支撑保障”的视角(图 2),对疫后全球旅游业的转型发展进行展望。
(1)后疫情时代旅游业发展目标与方向转型研究。新冠肺炎对全球旅游业造成重大冲击,朝阳产业、永续增长和经济效益主导的发展目标与方式已经不适应新的发展环境。转型发展是疫后全球旅游业恢复与重建的重要手段,但疫后旅游业究竟应转向何方?这一问题在学术界尚未得到解答[12, 86, 87]。疫后旅游业的发展目标和方向,对全球旅游业转型发展具有引领作用,亟需政府、企业、学界等协商解决。本研究认为,从全球尺度来看,必须更加关注旅游业与流行疾病、自然环境、气候变化之间的关系,推行负责任的旅游方式[88],落实可持续发展理念对全球旅游业的引领作用[89]。对中国而言,必须摒弃以往以旅游经济规模和增长速度为主导的发展思路,接受并调低旅游业的经济贡献,围绕国民幸福产业的总体定位,更加重视旅游业的社会和环境效益,以高质量发展为主要目标,引领疫后中国旅游业转型升级。
(2)旅游业重启与新冠肺炎疫情防控关系研究。尽管新冠肺炎疫情尚未完全消除,但世界各国已经普遍重新开放旅游业,两者将在较长时期内共存,而两者之间的矛盾关系,也使未来发展面临着高度不确定性[45, 83, 90]。未来研究,应关注旅行禁令实施对新冠肺炎传播的限制效果,对旅行禁令的实行和动态调整进行评估,探索旅游业重启与疫情防控的平衡模式。另外,重启旅游业面临着新冠肺炎再次传播的风险,因此,既要加强对国际枢纽城市、边境口岸城市、重点旅游城市等典型案例的长期观测与研究,还应关注疫情反复对旅游者心理、区域旅游业等影响的累加效应。长远来看,还应探讨将国际旅游业作为后新冠时代全球流行疾病传播的监测窗口,根据流行疾病传播的规律,在国际机场、国际旅游城市、海岛旅游地等敏感地带建立全球流行疾病监控系统,探索全球流行疾病联防、联控合作机制。
(3)新冠肺炎对旅游业影响的长时间、多案例、深层次研究。除早期关注国际旅行对新冠肺炎传播的作用之外[16],当前,国际学术界针对“COVID-19与旅游”的研究,多集中在COVID-19对旅游者、旅游目的地、旅游企业等的影响之上[26, 33, 35, 57, 60]。仅从研究内容来看,当前研究的覆盖面较广,已经涵盖了旅游业的各个层面。但是,由于新冠肺炎的突发性和反复性,以及区域旅行禁令限制等原因,“COVID-19与旅游”研究普遍存在着时间尺度较短、区域特征明显、内容深度不足等问题,这使得当前研究仍存在着较大的提升空间。未来研究,需要从更长时间尺度观测新冠肺炎对旅游者情绪与心理健康、对区域旅游业与当地居民等的影响[91, 92],并加强不同案例地之间的比较研究,进一步探讨流行疾病对旅游业影响的时空差异、演化过程与形成机理,提升当前研究结论的有效性和适用性。
(4)后疫情时代区域旅游人地关系重构与演变特征研究。新冠肺炎大流行对全球旅游者和旅游地造成重要影响,区域旅游人地关系在疫后面临着新的调整[37, 93]。未来研究,应持续关注旅游者感知风险变化过程和影响因素,探索旅游目的地风险动态评估的方式。研究感知风险对旅游者消费行为的影响机制,关注疫后旅游者消费行为的变化特征与趋势,探索疫后区域旅游市场的调节和恢复策略。研究消费者行为变化对旅游地空间结构的影响,研究未来区域旅游空间格局、空间关系的演变过程。关注新冠肺炎对旅游地影响的时空差异,加强对城市、入境等受到严重冲击且恢复缓慢旅游地的研究,关注航空运输、邮轮、主题公园等大型旅游项目的疫后恢复情况。最后,加强对旅游人地关系中弱势群体的关注和研究[91, 93],重点关注旅游地中小企业、本地居民等在后疫情时代的恢复与重建。
(5)后疫情时代旅游业制度与技术创新研究。创新是加速疫后全球旅游业恢复,并再次获得发展活力的重要途径。全球旅游业表现出明显的路径依赖[75, 76],要求加强对疫后旅游业的恢复与重建进行制度创新,并研究疫后全球旅游业转型发展的理论、路径与模式。另外,技术创新对疫后区域旅游业恢复具有直接效应,因此,必须肯定技术创新对旅游业未来发展的重要作用,研究疫后新技术与旅游业融合发展的路径。但是,也应关注大量运用新技术所造成的伦理问题,一方面,新技术的大量应用可能剥夺旅游从业者的就业机会,造成新的社会问题。另一方面,新技术增多会使具有技术和数据优势的大企业获得更多机会,可能造成新的不平衡现象,数据垄断和滥用还将加剧技术主导、数据风险等带来的威胁。因此,如何引导新技术在旅游业中应用,并实现趋利避害,将是未来需要持续关注的重要议题。
(6)后疫情时代旅游人力资源及旅游教育重建研究。新冠肺炎导致大量旅游从业者面临着失业危机,还加剧了旅游从业者的健康风险,对全球劳动力市场造成严重冲击[94]。未来应加强对后疫情时代旅游业风险管控的研究,探索保障旅游从业者人身安全的策略和途径,研究将旅游从业者与高科技手段相结合的方式,引导全球旅游人力资源恢复[95, 96]。对于短期内难以恢复,以及过度依赖旅游业的地区,需加强对旅游从业者生计方式转换的研究。新冠肺炎对旅游教育造成巨大冲击,不仅表现为中断了课堂教育,更重要的是,可能造成大量旅游专业人才流失。这种负面影响将被持续放大,可能导致大量学生在未来放弃旅游专业,会对全球旅游人力市场造成长期的负面影响。未来研究,不仅需要关注旅游教育方式的改革[97],还应对后疫情时代旅游专业学生的专业认同、心理资本、从业意愿等进行系统性研究。
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